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Farmhouse in the rain forest of Peru. (Photo by R. Butler)
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
In recent years economic globalization has brought about profound changes in countries around the world. Generally there has been a trend of decentralizing government and reducing the role that government plays in the everyday life of its citizens. In developing countries, this shift has put a greater strain on forest resources which have customarily been treated as state property. Whether determined by a market economy or dictated by a command economy, management of forest land has been the responsibility of public forest services. Forest exploitation firms have dealt through these bureaucracies, which generally ensure some sort of control over the allocation of forest lands.
Today the governments of many developing countries have decentralized their control over the forestry sector and privatized many of the state-owned forest industries. The budgets of national forest services have been reduced and management has been transferred to local governments, private firms, and organizations, and NGOs. This transfer brings decision making closer to the local level where policy can be more responsive to local conditions, but also forces the government to forgo much of its control over forest exploiters. The lack of government supervision means that private firms have more free rein and can work to maximize efficiency, even if it means cutting corners like compliance with government environmental legislation. Examples can be found with timber concessions in Guyana, Suriname, Papua New Guinea, Belize, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Solomon Islands. The localization of decision making and law enforcement also make it easier for corporations to bribe local officials.
Additionally the privatization of land under decentralization causes conflicts between the purchasers of land and the traditional, flexible land use by indigenous groups and local peoples. Tensions invariably arise, sometimes leading to violence and armed conflicts.
Even with some negative impacts, government decentralization is not inherently bad and remains an important means for keeping a dynamic economy. In fact, government decentralization may offer unparalleled gains over government bureaucracy in safeguarding rainforests. However, the means by which decentralization progresses can be adapted to compromise for the needs of the ecological system, private firms, local peoples, indigenous peoples, and the government. Economic restructuring caused by globalization has more or less resulted in an increase in concessions to foreign firms on rainforest lands. The largest concessions granted to foreign companies are to the oil, timber, and mineral industries.
Fossil fuel subsidies "bringing us closer to irreversible climate change"
(11/06/2009) The Green Economy Coalition is urging G20 finance ministers to rapidly put an end to fossil fuel subsidies. In a letter to the ministers the coalition argues that these subsidies are contributing directly to climate change and making it difficult for the world to transition to a greener economy.
Crisis averted for now, Peruvian natives will meet with Hunt Oil
(10/28/2009) Indigenous groups in a dispute with Hunt Oil, over the company performing seismic tests their land, have scheduled a meeting with the Texas based oil corporation, according to Reuters.
Will Ecuador's plan to raise money for not drilling oil in the Amazon succeed?
(10/27/2009) Ecuador's Yasuni National Park is full of wealth: it is one of the richest places on earth in terms of biodiversity; it is home to the indigenous Waorani people, as well as several uncontacted tribes; and the park's forest and soil provides a massive carbon sink. However, Yasuni National Park also sits on wealth of a different kind: one billion barrels of oil remain locked under the pristine rainforest.
Amazonian natives say they will defend tribal lands from Hunt Oil with "their lives"
(10/25/2009) Indigenous natives in the Amazon are headed to the town of Salvacion in Peru with a plan to forcibly remove the Texas-based Hunt Oil company from their land as early as today. Peruvian police forces, numbering in the hundreds, are said to be waiting in the town. The crisis has risen over an area known as Lot 76, or the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve. The 400,000 hectare reserve was created in 2002 to protect the flora and fauna of the area, as well as to safeguard watersheds of particular importance to indigenous groups in the region.
