TROPICAL RAINFORESTS: Deforestation

Deforestation Figures for Selected Countries

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Deforestation Pictures | part II

Controversial palm oil project halted in Cameroon

(05/24/2013) An American company has halted work on a controversial palm oil project in Cameroon due to opposition from local communities and environmentalists, reports Reuters.

Forest certification body revokes Swiss logging company's certificate over alleged Congo abuses

(05/21/2013) The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a body that certifies forest management practices, has revoked all certificates granted to the Danzer Group, a multinational logging company, over alleged human rights abuses by one of its former subsidiaries in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), reports Bloomberg.

Top Indonesian official calls out misinformation in environmental campaign

(05/20/2013) Indonesia's top REDD+ official confirmed there is no plan to open 1.2 million hectares of forest in Sumatra's Aceh Province, calling into question numbers used by environmentalists in their bid to stop reclassification of the province's forest land.

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon pacing 88% higher than last year's rate

(05/18/2013) Satellite analysis by a Brazil-based NGO indicates that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon continues to pace well ahead of last year, when the government passed a weakened version of its law governing use of forest lands.

In landmark ruling, Indonesia's indigenous people win right to millions of hectares of forest

(05/17/2013) In a landmark ruling, Indonesia's Constitutional Court has invalidated the Indonesian government's claim to millions of hectares of forest land, potentially giving indigenous and local communities the right to manage their customary forests, reports Mongabay-Indonesia. In a review of a 1999 forestry law, the court ruled that customary forests should not be classified as "State Forest Areas". The move is significant because Indonesia's central government has control over the country's vast forest estate, effectively enabling agencies like the Ministry of Forestry to grant large concessions to companies for logging and plantations even if the area has been managed for generations by local people.

NGO: conflict of interests behind Peruvian highway proposal in the Amazon

(05/16/2013) As Peru's legislature debates the merits of building the Purús highway through the Amazon rainforest, a new report by Global Witness alleges that the project has been aggressively pushed by those with a financial stake in opening up the remote area to logging and mining. Roads built in the Amazon lead to spikes in deforestation, mining, poaching and other extractive activities as remote areas become suddenly accessible. The road in question would cut through parts of the Peruvian Amazon rich in biodiversity and home to indigenous tribes who have chosen to live in "voluntary isolation."

Gabon convicts environmentalist of defamation in palm oil case

(05/15/2013) An environmental activist in Gabon is facing jail time and a $10,000 fine over his campaign against a Singaporean agroindustrial giant's plan to develop tens of thousands of hectares in oil palm, timber, and rubber plantations in the Central African nation.

Indonesia officially extends forestry moratorium

(05/15/2013) The Indonesian government has officially extended its moratorium on new logging and plantation concessions in 65 million hectares of forests and peatlands for another two years. The move, which had been expected, was announced Wednesday by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

Eat insects to mitigate deforestation and climate change

(05/14/2013) A new 200-page-report by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) urges human society to utilize an often-ignored, protein-rich, and ubiquitous food source: insects. While many in the industrialized west might turn up their noses at the idea of eating insects, already around 2 billion people worldwide eat over 1,900 species of insect, according to the FAO. Expanding insect-eating, the authors argue, may be one way to combat rising food needs, environmental degradation, and climate change.

Deforestation will undercut effectiveness of rainforest dams

(05/13/2013) Deforestation may significantly decrease the hydroelectric potential of tropical rainforest regions, warns a new study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. The study, used climate, hydrological, and land use models to forecast the impact of potential forest loss on hydropower generation on the Xingu River, a major tributary of the Amazon where the world's third largest dam — Belo Monte — is currently under construction.

Palm oil company violated RSPO standards, evicted from sustainability body

(05/13/2013) The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) has evicted Indonesian palm oil giant Dutapalma Nusantara for violating key principles for sustainability.

Indonesian palm oil giant cutting deforestation from supply chain

(05/13/2013) Indonesian palm oil giant Golden Agri-Resources (GAR) is continuing to reduce deforestation under its 2011 forest conservation policy despite ongoing forest destruction by other palm oil producers in the sector, finds a new assessment by Greenomics, an Indonesian activist group. However the report finds GAR's operations are not completely deforestation-free.

Continued deforestation in the Amazon may kill Brazil's agricultural growth

(05/09/2013) Continuing deforestation in the Amazon rainforest could undermine agricultural productivity in the region by reducing rainfall and boosting temperatures, warns a new study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters.

New UN report gives Indonesia low marks in forest governance

(05/09/2013) A new UN report exposes serious flaws in Indonesia’s forest governance, serving as a wake up call to policy makers aiming to conserve forests in the country, which boasts the third largest area of tropical forest coverage in the world. On Monday, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) together with the Government of Indonesia launched a comprehensive forest governance index, which evaluates forest governance at the central, provincial and district levels and offers policy recommendations designed to better equip the country to conserve forests and peatlands.

Brazil's satellite monitoring reduced Amazon deforestation by 60,000 sq km in 5 years

(05/08/2013) Brazil's advanced satellite monitoring system, coupled with increased law enforcement, was responsible for nearly 60 percent of the 101,000 square kilometer-drop in deforestation observed between 2007 and 2011, argues a new study published an international think tank.

Debate heats up over California's plan to reduce emissions via rainforest protection

(05/07/2013) As the public comment period for California's cap-and-trade program draws to a close, an alliance of environmental activists have stepped up a heated campaign to keep carbon credits generated by forest conservation initiatives in tropical countries out of the scheme. These groups say that offsets generated under the so-called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) mechanism, will undermine efforts to cut emissions as home, while potentially leading to abuses abroad. However supporters of forest conservation-based credits say the program may offer the best hope for saving the world's beleaguered rainforests, which continue to fall at a rate of more than 8 million hectares per year.

Court rules for palm oil company in controversial deforestation case

(05/05/2013) Court orders Aceh governor to reverse decision to cancel palm oil concession in protected peatlands. An Indonesian court has ruled in favor of plantation company PT Kallista Alam in a lawsuit brought against the governor of Indonesia’s Aceh province for revoking the company’s license to develop palm oil plantations in a protected peat swamp forest.

Mekong region has lost a third of its forests in 30 years, may lose another third by 2030

(05/03/2013) The Greater Mekong region of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand and Vietnam will lose a third of its remaining forest cover by 2030 unless regional governments improve management of natural resources and transition toward a greener growth model, warns a new report issued by WWF.

Endangered primates and cats may be hiding out in swamps and mangrove forests

(05/02/2013) What happens to animals when their forest is cut down? If they can, they migrate to different forests. But in an age when forests are falling far and fast, many species may have to shift to entirely different environments. A new paper in Folia Primatologica theorizes that some 60 primate species and 20 wild cat species in Asia and Africa may be relying more on less-impacted environments such as swamp forests, mangroves, and peat forests.

Is it possible to reduce the impact of oil drilling in the Amazon rainforest?

(05/02/2013) Oil extraction in the Amazon rainforest has been linked to severe environmental degradation — including deforestation and pollution — which in some areas has spurred violent social conflict. Yet a vast extent of the Colombian, Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Bolivian, and Brazilian Amazon is currently under concession for oil and gas exploration and production. It seems clear that much of this hydrocarbon development is going to proceed whether environmentalists and human rights groups like it or not.

13 year search for Taiwan's top predator comes up empty-handed

(05/01/2013) After 13 years of searching for the Formosan clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa brachyura), once hopeful scientists say they believe the cat is likely extinct. For more than a decade scientists set up over 1,500 camera traps and scent traps in the mountains of Taiwan where they believed the cat may still be hiding out, only to find nothing.

Indigenous tribes say effects of climate change already felt in Amazon rainforest

(04/30/2013) Tribal groups in Earth's largest rainforest are already being affected by shifts wrought by climate change, reports a paper published last week in the British journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. The paper, which is based on a collection of interviews conducted with indigenous leaders in the Brazilian Amazon, says that native populations are reporting shifts in precipitation patterns, humidity, river levels, temperature, and fire and agricultural cycles. These shifts, measured against celestial timing used by indigenous groups, are affecting traditional ways of life that date back thousands of years.

Conservation without supervision: Peruvian community group creates and patrols its own protected area

(04/30/2013) When we think of conservation areas, many of us think of iconic National Parks overseen by uniformed government employees or wilderness areas purchased and run from afar by big-donor organizations like The Nature Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society, WWF, or Conservation International. But what happens to ecosystems and wildlife in areas where there's a total lack of government presence and no money coming in for its protection? This is the story of one rural Peruvian community that took conservation matters into their own hands, with a little help from a dedicated pair of primate researchers, in order to protect a high biodiversity cloud forest.

What if companies actually had to compensate society for environmental destruction?

(04/29/2013) The environment is a public good. We all share and depend on clean water, a stable atmosphere, and abundant biodiversity for survival, not to mention health and societal well-being. But under our current global economy, industries can often destroy and pollute the environment—degrading public health and communities—without paying adequate compensation to the public good. Economists call this process "externalizing costs," i.e. the cost of environmental degradation in many cases is borne by society, instead of the companies that cause it. A new report from TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity), conducted by Trucost, highlights the scale of the problem: unpriced natural capital (i.e. that which is not taken into account by the global market) was worth $7.3 trillion in 2009, equal to 13 percent of that year's global economic output.

Probe confirms Singapore-based palm oil company engaged in land-grabbing in Borneo

(04/26/2013) An independent investigation has shown that First Resources Ltd, a palm oil plantation company and member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), failed to obtain proper consent from local communities before clearing rainforests for plantations in Indonesian Borneo, an Indonesian indigenous rights group reported last week.

Samsung admits to using tin linked to child labor, deforestation; Apple mum on sourcing

(04/25/2013) Mobile device giant Samsung has admitted to using tin sourced from a controversial mining operation on the Indonesian island of Bangka, where unregulated mining kills 150 miners a year and causes substantial environmental damage, reports The Guardian and Mongabay-Indonesia.

Environmentalists unhappy with new palm oil standard

(04/25/2013) Environmentalists are unhappy with Thursday's approval of new criteria for the world's leading palm oil certification standard. After members of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) in a special assembly approved the body's new 'principles and criteria' (P&Cs) for palm oil certification, several groups voiced concern that the rules won't protect against conversion of carbon-dense rainforests and peatlands for oil palm plantations.

Indonesian palm oil giant clearing peat forest despite its RSPO membership, alleges Greenpeace

(04/25/2013) A major Indonesian palm oil producer continues to clear rainforests in Sumatra despite being a prominent member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), casting doubts on the body's effectiveness in limiting deforestation, alleges a new report from Greenpeace.

Brazil's success in reducing deforestation will be hard to replicate

(04/23/2013) The sharp reduction in deforestation in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso since the mid-2000s will be difficult to replicate in other tropical countries where commodity production is a major driver in forest loss, argues a new study published in a special issue of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.

RSPO failing to meet sustainability objectives for palm oil production, says WWF

(04/23/2013) An initiative that aims to improve the social and environmental performance of palm oil production is faltering in its mission by failing to establish strong performance standards on greenhouse gas emissions and pesticide use, argues a new statement issued by WWF, the initiative's biggest green supporter.

The river of plenty: uncovering the secrets of the amazing Mekong

(04/23/2013) Home to giant catfish and stingrays, feeding over 60 million people, and with the largest abundance of freshwater fish in the world, the Mekong River, and its numerous tributaries, brings food, culture, and life to much of Southeast Asia. Despite this, little is known about the biodiversity and ecosystems of the Mekong, which is second only to the Amazon in terms of freshwater biodiversity. Meanwhile, the river is facing an existential crisis in the form of 77 proposed dams, while population growth, pollution, and development further imperil this understudied, but vast, ecosystem.

Malaysia may be home to more Asian tapirs than previously thought (photos)

(04/23/2013) You can't mistake an Asian tapir for anything else: for one thing, it's the only tapir on the continent; for another, it's distinct black-and-white blocky markings distinguishes it from any other tapir (or large mammal) on Earth. But still little is known about the Asian tapir (Tapirus indicus), including the number surviving. However, researchers in Malaysia are working to change that: a new study for the first time estimates population density for the neglected megafauna, while another predicts where populations may still be hiding in peninsular Malaysia, including selectively-logged areas.

Low carbon prices may spur deforestation

(04/23/2013) Low carbon prices may spur deforestation in New Zealand according to a survey by a researcher at Canterbury University.

A new tool against illegal logging: tree DNA technology goes mainstream

(04/22/2013) Modern DNA technology offers a unique opportunity: you could pinpoint the origin of your table at home and track down if the trees it was made from were illegally obtained. Each wooden piece of furniture comes with a hidden natural barcode that can tell its story from a sapling in a forest all the way to your living room.

Indonesian palm oil industry would support land swaps to protect forest, while expanding production

(04/19/2013) Indonesian palm oil companies would support land swaps as a means to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation while simultaneously expanding production, representatives from the country's largest association of palm oil producers told mongabay.com in an interview last month.

To win concessions in Aceh, mining company hires official being investigated for graft

(04/18/2013) A Toronto Stock Exchange-listed mining company has hired an official being investigated for corruption under its effort to convince the Aceh provincial government to re-zone protected forest areas for a gold mine on Indonesia's Sumatra island, according to an alliance of Indonesian environmentalists. The official, former Golkar Deputy Chairman Fadel Muhammad, has been retained by East Asia Minerals to help it win a carve-out for its Miwah project, a 30,000-hectare concession atop a forested mountain in Aceh.

Brazil threatens $282m in fines for beef linked to Amazon deforestation

(04/17/2013) Federal prosecutors in Brazil are threatening to fine 26 beef producers $282 million for buying cattle raised in illegally deforested areas and on Indian reservations, reports Reuters.

Conservation policies that boost farm yields may ultimately undermine forest protection, argues study

(04/17/2013) Rising agricultural profitability due to higher prices, improved crop productivity, and forest conservation itself could make it increasingly difficult for conservation programs tied to payments for ecosystem services to succeed, warns a study published this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Mining company working with Indonesian govt to strip forest of protected status

(04/16/2013) A Toronto-listed mining company says it is working closely with the Indonesian government to strip the protected status of some 1.2 million hectares of forest on the island of Sumatra. In a statement issued Tuesday, East Asia Minerals Corporation (TSX:EAS) claimed it is actively involved in the process of devising a new spatial plan for Aceh province, Sumatra's western-most province. The proposed changes to the spatial plan, which governs land use in the province, would re-zone large areas of protected forest in Aceh for industrial activities.

Illegal logging threatens lowland forests in Indonesian national park

(04/16/2013) Illegal logging in the heart of Indonesia’s Gunung Palung National Park may be putting one of the country’s last remaining lowland forests at risk. The park, located in Indonesia’s West Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo, is home to a number of endangered species including hornbills and gibbons, as well as around 2,500 orangutans, and is the site of a research station that has been collecting data on the forest for more than 20 years.

Will Indonesia renew its moratorium on new forest conversion licenses?

(04/12/2013) Indonesia’s forestry minister has again said that the country will extend its two-year moratorium on primary forest and peatland conversion, which is set to expire next month.

Fighting deforestation—and corruption—in Indonesia

(04/11/2013) The basic premise of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) program seems simple: rich nations pay tropical countries for preserving their forests. Yet the program has made relatively limited progress on the ground since 2007, when the concept got tentative go-ahead during U.N. climate talks in Bali. The reasons for the stagnation are myriad, but despite the simplicity of the idea, implementing REDD+ is extraordinarily complex. Still the last few years have provided lessons for new pilot projects by testing what does and doesn't work. Today a number of countries have REDD+ projects, some of which are even generating carbon credits in voluntary markets. By supporting credibly certified projects, companies and individuals can claim to "offset" their emissions by keeping forests standing. However one of the countries expected to benefit most from REDD+ has been largely on the sidelines. Indonesia's REDD+ program has been held up by numerous factors, but perhaps the biggest challenge for REDD+ in Indonesia is corruption.

New species tree-dwelling porcupine discovered in critically threatened Brazilian habitat

(04/11/2013) Scientists in Brazil have described a new species of tree-dwelling porcupine in the country's most endangered ecosystems. The description is published in last week's issue of Zootaxa.

International Paper commits to working with longtime foe to protect endangered forests

(04/10/2013) In another sign that the global paper industry may be steering toward more sustainable practices following years of bruising activist campaigns and pressure from buyers, International Paper (IP) has committed to identifying and protecting endangered forests and high conservation value areas in the southern U.S. The company, which is the world's largest paper maker, will be partnering with its tenacious NGO critic, the Dogwood Alliance, in order to map out forests in the region and, furthermore, move away from converting natural forests into pine plantations.

Sarawak to protect population of rarest orangutan sub-species

(04/10/2013) After facilitating large-scale logging and conversion of extensive areas of rainforest habitat, the government of Sarawak says it will protect a population of up to 200 of the world’s rarest Bornean orangutans recently identified during field surveys by conservationists, reports the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).

Entire planet will soon have rapid deforestation detection system

(04/09/2013) World Resources Institute (WRI) today previewed a long-awaited tool that could revolutionize global forest monitoring, reports the UN Forum on Forests, which is meeting this week in Istanbul, Turkey.

6 lessons for stopping deforestation on the frontier

(04/09/2013) In 1984, at the tail end of the Brazilian dictatorship, I took up residence in a frontier town called Paragominas in the eastern Amazon. I went to study rainforests and pasture restoration, but soon became captivated as well by the drama of the frontier itself. Forests were hotly contested among cattle ranchers, smallholder communities, land speculators and more than a hundred logging companies, sometimes with fatal results. If we are to meet rising global demand for food, conserve tropical forests, and mitigate climate change at the pace that is necessary, we must become much better at taming aggressive, lawless tropical forest frontiers where people are making a lot of money cutting forests down.

REDD+ and Business Sustainability: A Guide to Reversing Deforestation for Forward Thinking Companies – book review

(04/08/2013) Brian McFarland has published a concise, yet comprehensive, DōShort book titled REDD+ and Business Sustainability.

Nordic energy giant launches 'no deforestation' policy

(04/07/2013) Neste Oil, a Finnish energy giant, has announced a new 'no deforestation' policy for sourcing palm oil. The company, which is one of the world's largest buyers of palm oil, had faced criticism from environmentalists for purchasing palm oil potentially linked to rainforest and peatland destruction in southeast Asia.

Investigation clears APP of deforestation allegations in Borneo

(04/04/2013) Two logging companies that supply Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) with timber have not violated the Indonesian forestry giant's new zero deforestation commitment, according to a field investigation by The Forest Trust, a conservation group. The investigation was a direct response to allegations raised in a report published last week by Relawan Pemantau Hutan Kalimantan (RPHK), a consortium of local NGOs in West Kalimantan, the western-most province in Indonesian Borneo. The RPHK report found evidence of active clearing within two concession areas linked to Asia Tani Persada (ATP) and Daya Tani Kalbar (DTK), companies that supply APP with timber for its pulp mills.

New giant tarantula that's taken media by storm likely Critically Endangered (photos)

(04/04/2013) Described by a number of media outlets as "the size of your face" a new tree-dwelling tarantula discovered in Sri Lanka has awed arachnophiliacs and terrified arachnophobes alike. But the new species, named Raja's tiger spider (Poecilotheria rajaei), is likely Critically Endangered according to the scientist that discovered it in northern Sri Lanka.

Can we meet rising food demand and save forests?

(04/03/2013) A few weeks ago the Skoll World Forum hosted an online debate on how increased global consumption can be balanced with sustainability. The debate asks how a rapidly growing world that is ever consuming can hope to feed everyone, and at the same time address the deforestation that is emitting massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and destroying the world’s greatest tropical forests. Many contributors made very strong points—even contradicting one another in their approaches and ideas.

Improving the rigor of measuring emissions from deforestation, agriculture

(04/03/2013) While much has been written about the potential of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by protecting tropical forests, a proposed program to do just that has been challenged by a number of factors, including concerns about the accuracy of measuring for carbon reductions. Failure to properly account for carbon could undermine the effectiveness of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) program as a tool for mitigating climate change and securing benefits for local people. To help address the technical issues that underpin carbon measurement, the University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) have launched a new Certificate in Advanced Terrestrial Carbon Accounting.

Conservation gets boost from new Landsat satellite

(04/03/2013) Efforts to monitor the world's forests and other ecosystems got a big boost in February with the launch of Landsat 8, NASA's newest earth observation satellite, which augments the crippled Landsat 7 currently orbiting Earth (technically Landsat 8 is still named the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) and will remain so until May when the USGS turns control of the satellite over to NASA). Landsat 8/LDCM is the most advanced Earth observation satellite to date. It is the eighth Landsat since the initial launch in 1972.

U.S. book industry using 24 percent recycled paper on average

(04/01/2013) From 2004 to 2010, book publishers increased their use of recycled fiber by nearly five times, from 5 percent to 24 percent on average, according to a new report by the Book Industry Environmental Council (BIEC) and Green Press Initiative. The report, which depends on voluntary statistics from the book industry, also found that nearly all (89 percent) of book publishers have environmental policies.

Jumping the gun? Confusion over APP deforestation report

(03/29/2013) On Thursday AFP reported that green groups have accused Indonesian forestry giant Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) of breaking its commitment to stop clearing natural forests and peatlands. But that's not entirely accurate. What the coalition of environmental groups in Indonesian Borneo actually reported was clearing by two companies that supply APP with fiber, not deforestation by APP-owned companies.

China's hunger for resources has big environmental impact in Latin America

(03/29/2013) Amazonian forest cleared in Ecuador, a mountain leveled in Peru, the Cerrado savannah converted to soy fields in Brazil and oil fields under development in Venezuela's Orinoco belt.

Brazilian govt confirms rise in deforestation

(03/28/2013) Brazil's National Space Research Agency INPE today confirmed an apparent rise in Amazon forest clearing for the four-month period ending February 28, 2013.

Conflict zones have higher deforestation rates in the Amazon

(03/28/2013) Areas in the Amazon where there is conflict over land tenure have higher deforestation rates than places where land rights are secure, finds a new study that assesses the effectiveness of indicators used to gauge the success of protected areas in Brazil.

Brazilian supermarkets ban beef linked to Amazon deforestation

(03/27/2013) A group representing 2,800 Brazilian supermarkets has signed an agreement barring beef linked to deforestation in the Amazon rainforest from their shelves.

APP suppliers allegedly slashing forests and peatlands in Indonesia, despite new 'no deforestation' policy

(03/27/2013) Less than two months after its implementation, two Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) suppliers in Indonesian Borneo have been accused of violating the company’s new sustainability policy, which includes a zero deforestation commitment throughout its entire supply chain.

As massive deforestation continues in Sumatra’s Tesso Nilo, Indonesian lawmakers pin blame on 'foreign' NGOs

(03/25/2013) Indonesian lawmakers criticized the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) for its inability to stop deforestation in Sumatra, accusing the group of trying to destroy Indonesia’s reputation abroad and hurting the country’s economy.

Humans killed over 10 percent of the world's bird species when they colonized the Pacific Islands

(03/25/2013) Around 4,000 years ago intrepid Polynesian seafarers made their way into an untamed wilderness: the far-flung Pacific Islands. Over a thousands or so years, they rowed from one island to another, stepping on shores never yet seen by humans. While this vast colonization brought about a new era of human history, it also ended the existence of well-over a thousand bird species according to a new study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Conservation scientists: Aceh's spatial plan a risk to forests, wildlife, and people

(03/22/2013) A group of biologists and conservation scientists meeting in Sumatra warned that potential changes to Aceh's spatial plan could undermine some of the ecological services that underpin the Indonesian province's economy and well-being of its citizens. After its meeting from March 18-22 in Banda Aceh, the Asia chapter of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC) issued a declaration [PDF] highlighting the importance of the region's tropical forest ecosystem, which is potentially at risk due to proposed changes to its spatial plan.

Roads could help protect the environment rather than destroy it, argues Nature paper

(03/22/2013) Rapidly expanding road networks are causing large-scale damage to forests but proper infrastructure planning and implementation could actually turn them into a net positive for the environment, argue researchers writing in the journal Nature. William Laurance and Andrew Balmford highlight the severe environmental impacts of roads in wilderness areas, including fostering illegal logging, poaching, colonization, and land speculation.

Controversial chief minister of Sarawak asked to step down until corruption allegations resolved

(03/22/2013) Following the release of video footage apparently linking Sarawak Chief Minister Taib Mahmud to kickbacks for forestry concessions, anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International is calling for the Malaysian leader to immediately resign from his post.

Tropical croplands expand by 48m ha in 10 years, raising environmental concerns

(03/19/2013) Croplands in the tropics expanded by an average of 4.8 million hectares per year between 1999 and 2008, increasing pressure on forest areas and other ecosystems, reports a study published in the journal PLoS ONE. The research found that soybeans and maize (corn) expanded the most of any crops in terms of absolute area, followed by rice, sorghum, oil palm, beans, and sugar cane. The countries which added the largest area of new cropland were Nigeria, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Brazil.

Indonesian palm oil giant launches conservation pilot project

(03/19/2013) Golden Agri-Resources, one of the largest palm oil producers in Indonesia, is launching a pilot program designed to protect forests within its concession areas that have high carbon stock and those most important for conservation. Greenpeace Indonesia, which has long urged the company to adopt more sustainable practices, praised the effort, and called on other palm oil companies and the Indonesian government to follow suit.

Environmentalists target controversial logging practices in California

(03/19/2013) The Sierra Club has launched a campaign against clear-cutting by a logging giant in California.

Peruvian night monkey threatened by vanishing forests, lost corridors

(03/18/2013) The Peruvian night monkey (Aotus miconax) is one of the world's least known primates, having never been studied in the wild--until now. Found only in the cloud forests of northern Peru, a group of scientists with Neotropical Primate Conservation and the National University of Mayor San Marcos have spent 12 months following a single group of this enigmatic monkey species in a small forest patch. The results of their research, published in mongabay.com's open access journal Tropical Conservation Science, shows that protecting forests, even small forest fragments, is vital to the species' survival.

Deforestation in key Madagascar park accelerated after 2009 coup d'etat, finds satellite analysis

(03/18/2013) Deforestation and forest disturbance in Madagascar's largest national park increased significantly less than a year after a coup displaced the country's democratically-elected president in 2009, finds a new study that analyzed forest cover in Masoala National Park.

Aceh claims deal to open 1.2M ha of protected forest to logging, mining is near

(03/14/2013) Indonesia's Ministry of Forestry is close to accepting a proposal to open 1.2 million hectares of forest in Aceh for mining, logging, and palm oil production, reports the Aceh Post.

Burning coal may be killing over 100,000 people in India every year

(03/13/2013) India's dependence on coal-fired power plants for energy may be leading directly to the deaths of 80,000 to 115,000 of its citizens every year, according to the first ever report on the health impacts of coal in the country. The report, commissioned by the Conservation Action Trust and Greenpeace-India, deals only with the direct health impact of coal and not climate change. But even ignoring the rising pain of global warming, the bleak report outlines that coal consumption in India is causing over 20 million asthma attacks, nearly a million emergency room visits, and killing some 10,000 children under five annually.

Strong ‘no deforestation’ commitments save forests and feed people

(03/12/2013) As a global community, we have so far failed to answer this most pressing question; we have yet to build our cloud. Deforestation rates are down in some places, but overall, our forests continue to disappear much as they have for the past 50 years, driven principally by increasing global demand for food. Can we feed the world and save our forests? Yes, we can, and the solution lies in the global supply chain and the message some companies are now sending their suppliers: 'If you cut down trees, I won’t buy your product.' This has the power to silence bulldozers. It’s already doing so and now it’s time to go to scale.

Norway's wealth fund dumps 23 palm oil companies under new deforestation policy

(03/11/2013) Norway's $700 billion pension fund continues to divest from companies linked to tropical deforestation, selling stakes in 23 palm oil producers last year, reports Rainforest Foundation Norway, an activist group that has led the campaign for divestment. The move by the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) — the world's largest sovereign wealth fund — came after it revised its investment guidelines to include deforestation as a portfolio risk.

Rainforests may be more resilient to global warming - in isolation - than previously forecast

(03/11/2013) Tropical forests may be less sensitive to global warming than previously thought, argues a new study published in Nature Geoscience.

New plantation concessions threaten Borneo pygmy elephants

(03/10/2013) Borneo pygmy elephants (Elephas maximus borneensis) are under threat in Indonesia’s new North Kalimantan province, where their habitat is set to be converted for rubber, jabon and sengon plantations. Experts worry that if the planned conversion goes ahead, the entire elephant population in Indonesian Borneo could be lost.

The need to jump-start REDD to save forests

(03/08/2013) At least US$7.3 billion has been pledged for REDD+ over the period from 2008 to 2015, with $4.3 billion pledged for REDD+ readiness during the fast-start period alone (2010-2012). In addition to these funds, private investors, private foundations, and others have been channeling financial support to developing countries for REDD+ and related programs for several years now.

Dozens arrested after community fights deforestation by paper company in Indonesia

(03/07/2013) Dozens of villagers from Indonesia’s North Sumatra province traveled to Jakarta this week to demand the release of 16 farmers who remain in detention after conflicts erupted between indigenous communities in Humbang Hasundutan district and PT Toba Pulp Lestari, a unit of the pulp and paper giant Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings (APRIL).

Wildfire forces anti-logging activist from tree after 449-day vigil

(03/07/2013) A bushfire has forced an environmental campaigner from the top of a tree following a 449-day vigil to block logging of a stand of old-growth forest in Australia.

Warnings of global ecological tipping points may be overstated

(03/05/2013) There's little evidence that the Earth is nearing a global ecological tipping point, according to a new Trends in Ecology and Evolution paper that is bound to be controversial. The authors argue that despite numerous warnings that the Earth is headed toward an ecological tipping point due to environmental stressors, such as habitat loss or climate change, it's unlikely this will occur anytime soon—at least not on land. The paper comes with a number of caveats, including that a global tipping point could occur in marine ecosystems due to ocean acidification from burning fossil fuels. In addition, regional tipping points, such as the Arctic ice melt or the Amazon rainforest drying out, are still of great concern.

A promising initiative to address deforestation in Brazil at the local level

(03/05/2013) The history of the Brazilian Amazon has long been marked by deforestation and degradation. Until recently the situation has been considered out of control. Then, in 2004, the Brazilian government launched an ambitious program to combat deforestation. Public pressure—both national and international—was one of the reasons that motivated the government to act. Another reason was that in 2004, deforestation contributed to more than 55 percent of Brazil’s total greenhouse gas emissions, making Brazil the fourth-largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world.

Palm oil company destroys 7,000 ha of Amazon rainforest in Peru

(03/04/2013) A palm oil producer has leveled some 7,000 hectares of rainforest in the Peruvian Amazon, highlighting the risks of oil palm expansion in the world's largest tropical forest, reports El Comercio.

New illegal logging ban in EU could sever all ties with companies working in DRC

(03/04/2013) Yesterday, the EU joined the U.S. and Australia in banning all timber that was illegally harvested abroad. The new regulation could have a major impact on where the EU sources its timber, and no where more so than the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). According to a new report by Greenpeace, the DRC's current moratorium on industrial logging is being systematically circumvented making all timber from the country suspect.

Extinction warning: racing to save the little dodo from its cousin's fate

(03/04/2013) Sometime in the late 1600s the world's last dodo perished on the island of Mauritius. No one knows how it spent its final moments—rather in the grip of some invasive predator or simply fading away from loneliness—but with its passing came an icon of extinction, that final breath passed by the last of its kind. The dodo, a giant flightless pigeon, was a marvel of the animal world: now another island ground pigeon, known as the little dodo, is facing its namesake's fate. Found only in Samoa, composed of ten islands, the bird has many names: the tooth-billed pigeon, the Manumea (local name), and Didunculus ("little dodo") strigirostris, which lead one scientist to Christen it the Dodlet. But according to recent surveys without rapid action the Dodlet may soon be as extinct as the dodo.

Saving forests by stemming agricultural sprawl

(03/01/2013) I’m fortunate to travel the world helping conserve habitats for some of the world’s most iconic species. When I visit places like the Amazon and Sumatra, I’m still awestruck by their diversity and pristine beauty. I’m also reminded how threatened they are. Our growing demand for food and fiber is fueling deforestation in resource-rich regions of the world. As environmentalists, if we don’t change where and how we produce food and fiber, we can turn off the lights and go home. There won’t be any biodiversity left to protect.

Malaysian NGOs boldly demand forest conservation action in Borneo

(02/28/2013) In an unusually bold statement catalyzed by the deaths of 14 rare elephants, six Malaysian NGOs today called on the Sabah state government to pursue 'a more conservation focused agenda' in managing the state's forests. The demand comes shortly after the death of 14 endangered pygmy elephants — thought poisoned by an oil palm plantation developer — thrust Sabah's environmental problems into the international spotlight.

Guide for filing complaints on rule-breaking by palm oil companies published

(02/28/2013) Over the past 25 years palm oil production has emerged as one of the biggest drivers of deforestation and peatlands degradation in Southeast Asia. And there are fears that expansion in West and Central Africa could soon make palm oil a major cause of forest conversion on that continent.

Warlords, sorcery, and wildlife: an environmental artist ventures into the Congo

(02/25/2013) Last year, Roger Peet, an American artist, traveled to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to visit one of the world's most remote and wild forests. Peet spent three months in a region that is largely unknown to the outside world, but where a group of conservationists, headed by Terese and John Hart, are working diligently to create a new national park, known as Lomami. Here, the printmaker met a local warlord, discovered a downed plane, and designed a tomb for a wildlife ranger killed by disease, in addition to seeing some of the region's astounding wildlife. Notably, the burgeoning Lomami National Park is home to the world's newest monkey species, only announced by scientists last September.

Indonesia's East Kalimantan loses forest area to new province in Borneo

(02/24/2013) The creation of a new province, North Kalimantan, on Indonesian Borneo, has dramatically reduced the primary forest area in Indonesia’s East Kalimantan province. The new province, located along the border of Malaysia’s Sarawak, includes the densely-forested Malinau district. With the loss of Malinau and other forested areas, East Kalimantan’s intact primary forest area has dropped to just 15 percent of the total area of the province.

Deforestation, wetlands loss in Brazil and Indonesia generated 45b tons of CO2 in 20 years

(02/22/2013) The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has launched a global set of statistics on carbon emissions from deforestation, agriculture and other forms of land use for the 1990-2010 period.

Activists warn of industrial palm oil expansion in Congo rainforest

(02/21/2013) Industrial oil palm plantations are spreading from Malaysia and Indonesia to the Congo raising fears about deforestation and social conflict. A new report by The Rainforest Foundation UK (RFUK), dramatically entitled The Seeds of Destruction, announces that new palm oil plantations in the Congo rainforest will soon increase fivefold to half a million hectares, an area nearly the size of Delaware. But conservationists warn that by ignoring the lessons of palm oil in Southeast Asia, this trend could be disastrous for the region's forests, wildlife, and people.

Controversial palm oil project concession in Cameroon is 89 percent 'dense natural forest'

(02/21/2013) Satellite mapping and aerial surveys have revealed that a controversial palm oil concession in Cameroon is almost entirely covered by "dense natural forest," according to a new report by Greenpeace. The activist group alleges that the concession, owned by Herakles Farms, is under 89 percent forest cover. The U.S.-based corporation intends to build a 70,000 hectare palm oil plantation in a region surrounded by four protected areas, including Korup National Park, but has faced stiff criticism from numerous environmental groups as well as conflict with locals.

First strike: nearly 200 illegal loggers arrested in massive sting across 12 countries

(02/20/2013) One-hundred-and-ninety-seven illegal loggers across a dozen Central and South American countries have been arrested during INTERPOL's first strike against widespread forestry crime. INTERPOL, or The International Criminal Police Organization, worked with local police forces to take a first crack at illegal logging. In all the effort, known as Operation Lead, resulted in the seizure of 50,000 cubic meters of wood worth around $8 million.

Biofuel company caught clearing elephant habitat in Sri Lanka

(02/20/2013) A biofuel plantation near Yala National Park has landed Lanka Orex Leasing Company PLC (LOLC) in Sri Lanka's highest court. Environmentalists say the company is illegally bulldozing Asian elephant habitat, including scrubland and tree stands, near the buffer zone of Yala National Park for gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) biofuel plantation.

Is APP deal a sign of a changing forestry sector?

(02/15/2013) Asia Pulp & Paper (APP), one of the world’s largest paper companies, announced earlier this month that it will no longer cut down natural forests in Indonesia and will demand similar commitments from its suppliers. The announcement was received with guarded optimism by Greenpeace, Rainforest Action Network, World Wildlife Fund, and other NGOs who have waged a persistent campaign to change APP’s forest policies.

Brazilian agency rejects Canadian company's bid to mine controversial Amazon dam site for gold

(02/13/2013) Brazil's Federal Public Ministry rejected a proposed gold mining project adjacent to a controversial dam site in the heart of the Amazon rainforest, reports Amazon Watch, an environmental activist group that is campaigning against both the mine and the dam.

After Indonesian paper giant commits to no deforestation, pressure mounts on its biggest competitor

(02/12/2013) After Indonesian paper giant Asia Pulp & Paper's announcement last week that it will no longer source fiber produced from destruction of tropical rainforests, environmental groups are now urging Indonesia's other major paper company to make a similar commitment. On Tuesday, WWF echoed Greenpeace's call for Asia Pacific Resources International Limited (APRIL) to eliminate deforestation from its supply chain. Like APP, APRIL has been linked to large-scale conversion of Sumatra's endangered rainforests for industrial tree plantations to produce pulp and paper.

Activists blast World Bank on continued support of industrial rainforest logging

(02/11/2013) Two environmental activist groups blasted the World Bank over its reported decision to block a probe into its support of industrial-scale rainforest logging.

Amazon river ecosystems being rapidly degraded, but remain neglected by conservation efforts

(02/08/2013) The world's largest river system is being rapidly degraded and imperiled by dams, mining, overfishing, and deforestation, warns a study published last week by an international team of scientists.

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Country / Area	Land area				Forest
	Forest		Other wooded land	Total area	Area		Annual change rate									Area of primary forest			Annual change rate		Area of forest plantations
	2005				1990	2000	1990-2000		2000-2005		Primary	Modified natural	Semi-natural	Production plantation	Protection plantation	1990	2000	2005	1990-2000	2000-2005	1990	2000	2005
Country / Area	1000 ha	% of land area	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha/yr	%	1000 ha/yr	%	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha	ha/yr	ha/yr	1000 ha	1000 ha	1000 ha

Angola	59,104	47.4	-	124,670	60,976	59,728	-125	-0.2	-125	-0.2	0	58,973	0	131	0	0	0	0	0	0	140	134	131
Botswana	11,943	21.1	34,791	58,173	13,718	12,535	-118	-0.9	-118	-1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
British Indian Ocean Territory	3	32.5	0	8	3	3	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Comoros	5	2.9	-	186	12	8	n.s.	-4	-1	-7.4	0	4	0	1	-	0	0	0	0	0	2	2	1
Kenya	3,522	6.2	34,920	58,037	3,708	3,582	-13	-0.3	-12	-0.3	704	2,616	-	202	-	742	716	704	-2,520	-2,400	238	212	202
Lesotho	8	0.3	31	3,035	5	7	n.s.	3.4	n.s.	2.7	1	-	-	7	-	1	1	1	0	0	4	6	7
Madagascar	12,838	22.1	17,054	58,704	13,692	13,023	-67	-0.5	-37	-0.3	10,347	2,198	-	234	59	10,503	10,381	10,347	-12,200	-6,800	293	293	293
Malawi	3,402	36.2	-	11,848	3,896	3,567	-33	-0.9	-33	-0.9	1,132	2,067	-	204	-	1,727	1,330	1,132	-39,700	-39,600	132	180	204
Mauritius	37	18.2	15	204	39	38	n.s.	-0.3	n.s.	-0.5	0	22	n.s.	11	4	0	0	0	0	0	16	15	15
Mayotte	5	14.7	-	37	6	6	n.s.	-0.4	n.s.	-0.4	-	5	-	n.s.	-	-	-	-	-	-	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Mozambique	19,262	24.6	40,919	80,159	20,012	19,512	-50	-0.3	-50	-0.3	-	19,224	-	38	-	-	-	-	-	-	38	38	38
Namibia	7,661	9.3	8,473	82,429	8,762	8,033	-73	-0.9	-74	-0.9	-	7,661	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
RÈunion	84	33.6	55	251	87	87	n.s.	-0.1	-1	-0.7	55	6	18	2	2	55	55	55	-30	-20	5	5	5
Seychelles	40	88.9	-	45	40	40	0	0	0	0	2	33	-	5	-	2	2	2	0	0	5	5	5
South Africa	9,203	7.6	21,409	121,909	9,203	9,203	0	0	0	0	-	7,777	-	1,426	-	-	-	-	-	-	1,204	1,352	1,426
Swaziland	541	31.5	289	1,736	472	518	5	0.9	5	0.9	-	395	31	114	-	-	-	-	-	-	135	121	114
Uganda	3,627	18.4	1,150	24,104	4,924	4,059	-86	-1.9	-86	-2.2	-	3,591	-	36	-	-	-	-	-	-	33	35	36
UR Tanzania	35,257	39.9	4,756	94,509	41,441	37,318	-412	-1	-412	-1.1	-	35,107	-	150	-	-	-	-	-	-	150	150	150
Zambia	42,452	57.1	3,161	75,261	49,124	44,676	-445	-0.9	-445	-1	-	42,377	-	75	-	-	-	-	-	-	60	75	75
Zimbabwe	17,540	45.3	-	39,075	22,234	19,105	-313	-1.5	-313	-1.7	-	17,385	-	154	-	-	-	-	-	-	154	154	154
Total Eastern and Southern Africa	226,534	27.8	167,023	834,380	252,354	235,047	-1,731	-0.7	-1,702	-0.8
Algeria	2,277	1	1,595	238,174	1,790	2,144	35	1.8	27	1.2	-	1,206	316	12	742	-	-	-	-	-	620	652	754
Burkina Faso	6,794	29	7,427	27,400	7,154	6,914	-24	-0.3	-24	-0.3	0	5,918	800	71	5	0	0	0	0	0	33	63	76
Chad	11,921	9.5	9,152	128,400	13,110	12,317	-79	-0.6	-79	-0.7	190	11,716	-	-	15	209	196	190	-1,300	-1,200	11	14	15
Djibouti	6	0.2	220	2,320	6	6	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Egypt	67	0.1	20	100,145	44	59	2	3	2	2.6	-	-	-	1	66	-	-	-	-	-	44	59	67
Eritrea	1,554	15.4	7,257	11,760	1,621	1,576	-4	-0.3	-4	-0.3	-	1,526	-	14	14	-	-	-	-	-	10	22	28
Ethiopia	13,000	11.9	44,650	110,430	15,114	13,705	-141	-1	-141	-1.1	-	12,509	-	491	-	-	-	-	-	-	491	491	491
Libya	217	0.1	330	175,954	217	217	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	217	-	-	-	-	-	217	217	217
Mali	12,572	10.3	16,532	124,019	14,072	13,072	-100	-0.7	-100	-0.8	-	-	-	-	-	-	13,012	-	-	-	-	60	-
Mauritania	267	0.3	3,110	102,552	415	317	-10	-2.7	-10	-3.4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10	-
Morocco	4,364	9.8	406	44,655	4,289	4,328	4	0.1	7	0.2	-	3,754	47	563	-	-	-	-	-	-	478	523	563
Niger	1,266	1	3,740	126,700	1,945	1,328	-62	-3.7	-12	-1	220	936	-	-	110	220	220	220	0	0	-	72	110
Somalia	7,131	11.4	-	63,766	8,282	7,515	-77	-1	-77	-1	-	7,128	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	3	3
Sudan	67,546	28.4	-	250,581	76,381	70,491	-589	-0.8	-589	-0.8	13,509	47,282	1,351	4,728	675	15,276	14,098	13,509	-117,807	-117,807	6,111	5,639	5,404
Tunisia	1,056	6.8	170	16,361	643	959	32	4.1	19	1.9	-	320	238	150	348	-	-	-	-	-	226	423	498
Western Sahara	1,011	3.8	-	26,600	1,011	1,011	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total Northern Africa	131,048	8.6	94,609	1,549,817	146,093	135,958	-1,013	-0.7	-982	-0.7
Benin	2,351	21.3	3,959	11,262	3,322	2,675	-65	-2.1	-65	-2.5	-	2,237	-	114	-	-	-	-	-	-	98	109	114
Burundi	152	5.9	722	2,783	289	198	-9	-3.7	-9	-5.2	0	67	0	86	0	-	0	0	-	0	-	86	86
Cameroon	21,245	45.6	14,758	47,544	24,545	22,345	-220	-0.9	-220	-1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cape Verde	84	20.7	-	403	58	82	2	3.6	n.s.	0.4	-	-	-	67	17	-	-	-	-	-	58	82	84
Central African Republic	22,755	36.5	10,122	62,298	23,203	22,903	-30	-0.1	-30	-0.1	-	22,750	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	4	5
Congo	22,471	65.8	10,547	34,200	22,726	22,556	-17	-0.1	-17	-0.1	7,464	14,957	-	51	-	7,548	7,492	7,464	-5,647	-5,647	51	51	51
CÙte d'Ivoire	10,405	32.7	2,626	32,246	10,222	10,328	11	0.1	15	0.1	625	9,443	0	337	0	625	625	625	0	0	154	261	337
DR Congo	133,610	58.9	83,277	234,486	140,531	135,207	-532	-0.4	-319	-0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Equatorial Guinea	1,632	58.2	31	2,805	1,860	1,708	-15	-0.8	-15	-0.9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Gabon	21,775	84.5	-	26,767	21,927	21,826	-10	n.s.	-10	n.s.	-	-	-	36	-	-	-	-	-	-	36	36	36
Gambia	471	41.7	125	1,130	442	461	2	0.4	2	0.4	-	471	-	n.s.	-	-	-	-	-	-	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Ghana	5,517	24.2	0	23,854	7,448	6,094	-135	-2	-115	-2	353	5,004	-	160	-	353	353	353	0	0	50	60	160
Guinea	6,724	27.4	5,850	24,586	7,408	6,904	-50	-0.7	-36	-0.5	63	6,568	60	30	3	63	63	63	0	0	17	22	33
Guinea-Bissau	2,072	73.7	236	3,612	2,216	2,120	-10	-0.4	-10	-0.5	940	1,132	-	0	n.s.	940	940	940	0	0	n.s.	n.s.	1
Liberia	3,154	32.7	0	11,137	4,058	3,455	-60	-1.6	-60	-1.8	129	3,017	-	8	-	129	129	129	0	0	8	8	8
Nigeria	11,089	12.2	5,495	92,377	17,234	13,137	-410	-2.7	-410	-3.3	326	10,414	0	349	0	1,556	736	326	-82,000	-82,000	251	316	349
Rwanda	480	19.5	61	2,634	318	344	3	0.8	27	6.9	0	62	-	367	52	0	0	0	0	0	248	282	419
Saint Helena	2	6.5	0	31	2	2	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sao Tome and Principe	27	28.4	29	96	27	27	0	0	0	0	12	16	-	-	-	12	12	12	0	0	-	-	-
Senegal	8,673	45	5,001	19,672	9,348	8,898	-45	-0.5	-45	-0.5	1,598	6,710	-	332	33	1,759	1,653	1,598	-10,600	-11,000	205	306	365
Sierra Leone	2,754	38.5	384	7,174	3,044	2,851	-19	-0.7	-19	-0.7	-	2,751	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	3	3
Togo	386	7.1	1,246	5,679	685	486	-20	-3.4	-20	-4.5	0	348	-	30	8	0	0	0	0	0	24	34	38
Total Western and Central Africa	277,829	44.1	144,468	646,776	300,914	284,608	-1,631	-0.6	-1,356	-0.5
Total Africa	635,412	21.4	406,100	3,030,974	699,361	655,613	-4,375	-0.7	-4,040	-0.6
China	197,290	21.2	87,615	959,805	157,141	177,001	1,986	1.2	4,058	2.2	11,632	114,332	39,957	28,530	2,839	11,632	11,632	11,632	0	0	18,466	23,924	31,369
DPR Korea	6,187	51.4	-	12,054	8,201	6,821	-138	-1.8	-127	-1.9	852	-	5,335	-	-	1,129	939	852	-19,000	-17,400	-	-	-
Japan	24,868	68.2	-	37,780	24,950	24,876	-7	n.s.	-2	n.s.	4,591	9,955	-	-	10,321	3,764	4,054	4,591	29,000	107,400	10,287	10,331	10,321
Mongolia	10,252	6.5	2,388	156,650	11,492	10,665	-83	-0.7	-83	-0.8	4,733	5,407	-	112	-	5,540	4,923	4,733	-61,700	-38,000	30	75	112
Republic of Korea	6,265	63.5	-	9,926	6,371	6,300	-7	-0.1	-7	-0.1	-	4,901	-	1,364	-	-	-	-	-	-	748	1,188	1,364
Total East Asia	244,862	21.3	90,003	1,176,215	208,155	225,663	1,751	0.8	3,840	1.6
Bangladesh	871	6.7	58	14,400	882	884	n.s.	n.s.	-2	-0.3	-	592	-	195	84	-	-	-	-	-	239	276	279
Bhutan	3,195	68	611	4,700	3,035	3,141	11	0.3	11	0.3	413	2,529	251	2	0	413	413	413	0	0	1	1	2
Brunei Darussalam	278	52.8	160	577	313	288	-2	-0.8	-2	-0.7	278	-	-	-	-	313	288	278	-2,500	-2,000	-	-	-
Cambodia	10,447	59.2	270	18,104	12,946	11,541	-140	-1.1	-219	-2	122	10,266	0	59	-	766	456	122	-31,000	-66,800	67	72	59
India	67,701	22.8	4,110	328,726	63,939	67,554	362	0.6	29	n.s.	-	32,943	31,532	1,053	2,173	-	-	-	-	-	1,954	2,805	3,226
Indonesia	88,495	48.8	-	190,457	116,567	97,852	-1,872	-1.7	-1,871	-2	48,702	-	36,394	3,399	-	70,419	55,941	48,702	-1,447,800	-1,447,800	2,209	3,002	3,399
Lao PDR	16,142	69.9	4,643	23,680	17,314	16,532	-78	-0.5	-78	-0.5	1,490	14,428	-	223	1	1,490	1,490	1,490	0	0	4	99	224
Malaysia	20,890	63.6	-	32,975	22,376	21,591	-78	-0.4	-140	-0.7	3,820	-	15,497	1,573	-	3,820	3,820	3,820	0	0	1,956	1,659	1,573
Maldives	1	3	0	30	1	1	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Myanmar	32,222	49	10,834	67,658	39,219	34,554	-466	-1.3	-466	-1.4	0	31,373	0	696	153	0	0	0	0	0	394	696	849
Nepal	3,636	25.4	1,897	14,718	4,817	3,900	-92	-2.1	-53	-1.4	349	384	2,850	43	10	391	384	349	-700	-7,000	49	52	53
Pakistan	1,902	2.5	1,389	79,610	2,527	2,116	-41	-1.8	-43	-2.1	-	1,584	-	318	-	-	-	-	-	-	234	296	318
Philippines	7,162	24	3,611	30,000	10,574	7,949	-262	-2.8	-157	-2.1	829	5,713	-	304	316	829	829	829	0	0	1,780	852	620
Singapore	2	3.4	0	68	2	2	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	2	2	2	0	0	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	1,933	29.9	0	6,561	2,350	2,082	-27	-1.2	-30	-1.5	167	1,571	-	171	24	257	197	167	-6,000	-6,000	242	221	195
Thailand	14,520	28.4	-	51,312	15,965	14,814	-115	-0.7	-59	-0.4	6,451	4,970	-	1,997	1,102	6,451	6,451	6,451	0	0	2,640	3,077	3,099
Timor-Leste	798	53.7	-	1,487	966	854	-11	-1.2	-11	-1.3	-	755	-	-	43	-	-	-	-	-	29	43	43
Viet Nam	12,931	39.7	2,259	33,169	9,363	11,725	236	2.3	241	2	85	10,151	-	1,792	903	384	187	85	-19,700	-20,400	967	2,050	2,695
Total South and South-east Asia	283,127	33.4	29,842	898,232	323,156	297,380	-2,578	-0.9	-2,851	-1
Afghanistan	867	1.3	-	65,209	1,309	1,015	-29	-2.5	-30	-3.1	-	867	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Armenia	321	11.4	44	2,980	336	344	1	0.2	-5	-1.4	16	295	0	0	10	17	17	16	40	-280	14	11	10
Azerbaijan	936	11.3	54	8,660	936	936	0	0	0	0	400	516	-	-	20	400	400	400	0	0	20	20	20
Bahrain	n.s.	0.6	0	71	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	5.6	n.s.	3.8	-	-	-	-	n.s.	-	-	-	-	-	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Cyprus	174	18.9	214	925	161	173	1	0.7	n.s.	0.2	22	111	36	0	5	22	22	22	0	0	3	3	5
Georgia	2,760	39.7	50	6,970	2,760	2,760	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	500	2,200	0	0	60	500	500	500	0	0	54	60	60
Iran	11,075	6.8	5,340	164,820	11,075	11,075	0	0	0	0	200	10,031	228	616	-	200	200	200	0	0	616	616	616
Iraq	822	1.9	927	43,832	804	818	1	0.2	1	0.1	0	809	0	0	13	0	0	0	0	0	15	15	13
Israel	171	8.3	85	2,106	154	164	1	0.6	1	0.8	-	70	-	-	101	-	-	-	-	-	84	94	101
Jordan	83	0.9	52	8,921	83	83	0	0	0	0	0	37	6	0	40	0	0	0	0	0	40	40	40
Kazakhstan	3,337	1.2	15,622	272,490	3,422	3,365	-6	-0.2	-6	-0.2	0	2,428	0	0	909	0	0	0	0	0	1,034	1,056	909
Kuwait	6	0.3	0	1,782	3	5	n.s.	3.5	n.s.	2.7	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-	-	-	3	5	6
Kyrgyzstan	869	4.5	313	19,990	836	858	2	0.3	2	0.3	241	562	-	24	42	237	240	241	250	260	46	59	66
Lebanon	136	13.3	106	1,040	121	131	1	0.8	1	0.8	0	129	0	8	0	-	-	0	-	-	-	-	8
Oman	2	n.s.	1,303	21,246	2	2	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	2	2	2
Palestine	9	1.5	-	621	9	9	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Qatar	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.	1,100	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Saudi Arabia	2,728	1.3	34,155	214,969	2,728	2,728	0	0	0	0	-	2,728	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Syria	461	2.5	35	18,518	372	432	6	1.5	6	1.3	-	198	-	-	264	-	-	-	-	-	175	234	264
Tajikistan	410	2.9	142	14,255	408	410	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	297	12	35	22	44	297	297	297	0	0	76	66	66
Turkey	10,175	13.2	10,689	77,482	9,680	10,052	37	0.4	25	0.2	975	5,925	738	1,916	621	739	897	975	15,800	15,600	1,839	2,304	2,537
Turkmenistan	4,127	8.8	0	48,810	4,127	4,127	0	0	0	0	104	4,023	-	0	-	104	104	104	0	0	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	312	3.7	4	8,360	245	310	6	2.4	n.s.	0.1	0	0	0	0	312	0	0	0	0	0	245	310	312
Uzbekistan	3,295	8	904	44,740	3,045	3,212	17	0.5	17	0.5	57	2,643	534	5	56	57	57	57	0	0	30	51	61
Yemen	549	1	1,406	52,797	549	549	0	0	0	0	-	161	388	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total Western and Central Asia	43,626	4	71,446	1,102,695	43,166	43,558	39	0.1	14	n.s.
Total Asia	571,615	18.5	191,291	3,177,142	574,477	566,601	-788	-0.1	1,003	0.2
Albania	794	29	261	2,875	789	769	-2	-0.3	5	0.6	85	621	0	3	86	85	85	85	0	0	103	96	88
Andorra	16	35.6	-	45	16	16	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Austria	3,862	46.7	118	8,386	3,776	3,838	6	0.2	5	0.1	-	-	-	-	-	117	119	-	200	-	988	1,003	-
Belarus	7,894	38	914	20,760	7,376	7,848	47	0.6	9	0.1	400	5,712	1,780	2	-	400	400	400	0	0	2	2	2
Belgium	667	22	27	3,053	677	667	-1	-0.1	0	0	0	0	392	275	0	0	0	0	0	0	303	284	275
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,185	43.1	549	5,120	2,210	2,185	-2	-0.1	0	0	2	1,184	857	142	-	-	2	2	-	0	-	142	142
Bulgaria	3,625	32.8	27	11,099	3,327	3,375	5	0.1	50	1.4	-	-	-	-	-	267	396	-	12,900	-	40	48	-
Channel Islands	1	4.1	0	19	1	1	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Croatia	2,135	38.2	346	5,654	2,116	2,129	1	0.1	1	0.1	10	2,063	0	61	0	10	10	10	0	0	56	60	61
Czech Republic	2,648	34.3	0	7,887	2,630	2,637	1	n.s.	2	0.1	0	14	2,634	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Denmark	500	11.8	136	4,309	445	486	4	0.9	3	0.6	0	6	179	281	34	0	0	0	0	0	291	305	315
Estonia	2,284	53.9	82	4,523	2,163	2,243	8	0.4	8	0.4	142	1,390	751	1	0	-	137	142	-	1,000	-	1	1
Faeroe Islands	n.s.	0.1	-	140	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Finland	22,500	73.9	802	33,814	22,194	22,475	28	0.1	5	n.s.	1,419	0	21,081	0	0	1,491	1,418	1,419	-7,300	200	0	0	0
France	15,554	28.3	1,708	55,150	14,538	15,351	81	0.5	41	0.3	30	-	13,556	1,968	-	30	30	30	0	0	1,842	1,936	1,968
Germany	11,076	31.7	-	35,703	10,741	11,076	34	0.3	0	0	0	0	11,076	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Gibraltar	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	-	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Greece	3,752	29.1	2,780	13,196	3,299	3,601	30	0.9	30	0.8	0	3,618	0	0	134	0	0	0	0	0	118	129	134
Holy See	0	0	0	n.s.	0	0	0	-	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Hungary	1,976	21.5	0	9,303	1,801	1,907	11	0.6	14	0.7	0	415	1,016	454	91	0	0	0	0	0	431	528	545
Iceland	46	0.5	104	10,300	25	38	1	4.3	2	3.9	0	17	0	17	12	0	0	0	0	0	8	21	29
Ireland	669	9.7	41	7,027	441	609	17	3.3	12	1.9	0	0	90	579	0	1	0	0	-100	0	350	519	579
Isle of Man	3	6.1	0	57	3	3	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Italy	9,979	33.9	1,047	30,134	8,383	9,447	106	1.2	106	1.1	-	-	-	146	-	160	160	-	0	-	289	144	146
Latvia	2,941	47.4	115	6,460	2,775	2,885	11	0.4	11	0.4	14	2,282	644	1	0	-	15	14	-	-280	-	n.s.	1
Liechtenstein	7	43.1	0	16	6	7	n.s.	0.6	0	0	2	5	-	n.s.	-	2	2	2	0	0	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Lithuania	2,099	33.5	77	6,530	1,945	2,020	8	0.4	16	0.8	26	1,548	384	100	41	20	21	26	100	1,000	124	137	141
Luxembourg	87	33.5	1	259	86	87	n.s.	0.1	0	0	-	-	58	28	-	-	-	-	-	-	28	28	28
Macedonia	906	35.8	82	2,571	906	906	0	0	0	0	0	876	-	30	-	0	0	0	0	0	30	30	30
Malta	n.s.	1.1	0	32	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	n.s.	0	0	0	0	0	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Monaco	0	0	0	n.s.	0	0	0	-	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Netherlands	365	10.8	0	4,153	345	360	2	0.4	1	0.3	0	0	361	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	4	4
Norway	9,387	30.7	2,613	32,376	9,130	9,301	17	0.2	17	0.2	250	-	8,875	262	-	250	250	250	0	0	222	255	262
Poland	9,192	30	-	31,269	8,881	9,059	18	0.2	27	0.3	53	-	9,107	32	-	30	51	53	2,100	400	32	32	32
Portugal	3,783	41.3	84	9,198	3,099	3,583	48	1.5	40	1.1	55	-	2,494	1,067	167	55	55	55	0	0	550	1,034	1,234
Republic of Moldova	329	10	31	3,384	319	326	1	0.2	1	0.2	0	328	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1
Romania	6,370	27.7	258	23,839	6,371	6,366	0	n.s.	1	n.s.	233	651	5,339	92	57	233	233	233	0	0	149	149	149
Russian Federation	808,790	47.9	74,185	1,707,540	808,950	809,268	32	n.s.	-96	n.s.	255,470	536,358	-	11,888	5,075	241,726	258,131	255,470	1,640,510	-532,200	12,651	15,360	16,962
San Marino	n.s.	1.6	0	6	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Serbia and Montenegro	2,694	26.4	808	10,217	2,559	2,649	9	0.3	9	0.3	4	115	2,536	39	0	4	4	4	0	0	39	39	39
Slovakia	1,929	40.1	-	4,901	1,922	1,921	n.s.	n.s.	2	0.1	24	946	940	17	2	24	24	24	0	0	23	20	19
Slovenia	1,264	62.8	44	2,027	1,188	1,239	5	0.4	5	0.4	119	1,107	38	0	0	63	95	119	3,200	4,800	0	0	0
Spain	17,915	35.9	10,299	50,599	13,479	16,436	296	2	296	1.7	812	11,582	4,050	1,471	0	621	748	812	12,700	12,800	1,126	1,356	1,471
Sweden	27,528	66.9	3,257	44,996	27,367	27,474	11	n.s.	11	n.s.	4,726	-	22,135	667	0	4,348	4,600	4,726	25,200	25,200	523	619	667
Switzerland	1,221	30.9	67	4,129	1,155	1,199	4	0.4	4	0.4	14	15	1,188	4	0	3	6	14	300	1,600	3	4	4
Ukraine	9,575	16.5	41	60,370	9,274	9,510	24	0.3	13	0.1	59	4,729	4,399	81	307	59	59	59	0	0	325	367	388
United Kingdom	2,845	11.8	20	24,291	2,611	2,793	18	0.7	10	0.4	0	646	275	1,902	22	0	0	0	0	0	1,877	1,934	1,924
Total Europe	1,001,394	44.3	100,925	2,297,719	989,320	998,091	877	0.1	661	0.1
Anguilla	6	71.4	-	8	6	6	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Antigua and Barbuda	9	21.4	16	44	9	9	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Aruba	n.s.	2.2	0	19	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Bahamas	515	51.5	36	1,388	515	515	0	0	0	0	-	515	-	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0
Barbados	2	4	-	43	2	2	0	0	0	0	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Bermuda	1	20	0	5	1	1	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
British Virgin Islands	4	24.4	2	15	4	4	n.s.	-0.1	n.s.	-0.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cayman Islands	12	48.4	4	26	12	12	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cuba	2,713	24.7	260	11,086	2,058	2,435	38	1.7	56	2.2	-	2,319	-	230	164	-	-	-	-	-	347	342	394
Dominica	46	61.3	n.s.	75	50	47	n.s.	-0.5	n.s.	-0.6	27	19	0	n.s.	-	28	28	27	-86	-84	-	n.s.	n.s.
Dominican Republic	1,376	28.4	678	4,873	1,376	1,376	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Grenada	4	12.2	5	34	4	4	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	1	3	-	n.s.	-	1	1	1	-22	-23	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Guadeloupe	80	47.2	2	171	84	81	n.s.	-0.3	n.s.	-0.3	19	58	2	1	0	19	19	19	0	0	3	1	1
Haiti	105	3.8	-	2,775	116	109	-1	-0.6	-1	-0.7	-	81	-	24	-	-	-	-	-	-	12	20	24
Jamaica	339	31.3	188	1,099	345	341	n.s.	-0.1	n.s.	-0.1	-	325	-	8	6	-	-	-	-	-	15	14	14
Martinique	46	43.9	-	110	46	46	0	0	0	0	-	45	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	1	1
Montserrat	4	35	-	10	4	4	0	0	0	0	-	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Netherlands Antilles	1	1.5	33	80	1	1	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Puerto Rico	408	46	-	895	404	407	n.s.	0.1	n.s.	n.s.	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Saint Kitts and Nevis	5	14.7	6	36	5	5	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Saint Lucia	17	27.9	5	62	17	17	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	11	27.4	2	39	9	10	n.s.	0.8	n.s.	0.8	-	10	-	n.s.	-	-	-	-	-	-	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Trinidad and Tobago	226	44.1	74	513	235	228	-1	-0.3	n.s.	-0.2	14	197	0	15	0	14	14	14	0	0	15	15	15
Turks and Caicos Islands	34	80	-	43	34	34	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
United States Virgin Islands	10	27.9	-	34	12	10	n.s.	-1.3	n.s.	-1.8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total Caribbean	5,974	26.1	1,310	23,482	5,350	5,706	36	0.6	54	0.9
Belize	1,653	72.5	115	2,296	1,653	1,653	0	0	0	0	612	1,041	-	-	-	612	612	612	0	0	-	-	-
Costa Rica	2,391	46.8	10	5,110	2,564	2,376	-19	-0.8	3	0.1	180	1,319	888	1	3	255	180	180	-7,500	0	-	3	4
El Salvador	298	14.4	201	2,104	375	324	-5	-1.5	-5	-1.7	6	286	-	6	-	6	6	6	0	0	6	6	6
Guatemala	3,938	36.3	1,672	10,889	4,748	4,208	-54	-1.2	-54	-1.3	1,957	1,859	-	122	-	2,359	2,091	1,957	-26,789	-26,834	32	88	122
Honduras	4,648	41.5	710	11,209	7,385	5,430	-196	-3	-156	-3.1	1,512	2,261	845	-	30	1,512	1,512	1,512	0	0	31	26	30
Nicaragua	5,189	42.7	1,022	13,000	6,538	5,539	-100	-1.6	-70	-1.3	1,849	3,289	-	51	-	1,849	1,849	1,849	0	0	4	46	51
Panama	4,294	57.7	1,288	7,552	4,376	4,307	-7	-0.2	-3	-0.1	3,023	1,210	0	60	1	3,706	3,239	3,023	-46,700	-43,200	10	42	61
Total Central America	22,411	43.9	5,018	52,160	27,639	23,837	-380	-1.6	-285	-1.3
Canada	310,134	33.6	91,951	997,061	310,134	310,134	0	0	0	0	165,424	144,710	-	-	-	165,424	165,424	165,424	0	0	-	-	-
Greenland	n.s.	n.s.	8	41,045	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Mexico	64,238	33.7	19,908	195,820	69,016	65,540	-348	-0.5	-260	-0.4	32,850	30,330	-	72	986	38,775	34,825	32,850	-395,000	-395,000	-	1,058	1,058
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	3	13	-	24	3	3	0	0	0	0	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
United States of America	303,089	33.1	-	962,909	298,648	302,294	365	0.1	159	0.1	104,182	175,523	6,323	17,061	-	105,268	105,258	104,182	-1,000	-215,200	10,305	16,274	17,061
Total North America	677,464	32.7	111,866	2,196,859	677,801	677,971	17	n.s.	-101	n.s.
Total North and Central America	705,849	32.9	118,194	2,272,501	710,790	707,514	-328	n.s.	-333	n.s.
American Samoa	18	89.4	-	20	18	18	n.s.	-0.2	n.s.	-0.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Australia	163,678	21.3	421,590	774,122	167,904	164,645	-326	-0.2	-193	-0.1	5,233	156,679	-	1,766	-	-	5,233	5,233	-	0	1,023	1,485	1,766
Cook Islands	16	66.5	-	23	15	16	n.s.	0.4	0	0	-	14	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	0	1	1
Fiji	1,000	54.7	-	1,827	979	1,000	2	0.2	0	0	894	5	-	101	-	895	894	894	-100	0	80	101	101
French Polynesia	105	28.7	-	400	105	105	0	0	0	0	-	95	-	10	-	-	-	-	-	-	10	10	10
Guam	26	47.1	0	55	26	26	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Kiribati	2	3	-	73	2	2	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Marshall Islands	-	-	-	18	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Micronesia	63	90.6	-	70	63	63	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nauru	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	-	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
New Caledonia	717	39.2	787	1,858	717	717	0	0	0	0	431	277	-	10	-	431	431	431	0	0	10	10	10
New Zealand	8,309	31	2,557	27,053	7,720	8,226	51	0.6	17	0.2	3,506	2,951	-	1,832	20	3,506	3,506	3,506	0	0	1,261	1,769	1,852
Niue	14	54.2	-	26	17	15	n.s.	-1.3	n.s.	-1.4	-	14	-	n.s.	-	-	-	-	-	-	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Northern Mariana Islands	33	72.4	-	46	35	34	n.s.	-0.3	n.s.	-0.3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Palau	40	87.6	-	46	38	40	n.s.	0.4	n.s.	0.4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Papua New Guinea	29,437	65	4,474	46,284	31,523	30,132	-139	-0.5	-139	-0.5	25,211	4,134	-	92	-	29,210	26,462	25,211	-274,800	-250,200	63	82	92
Pitcairn	4	83.3	0	4	4	4	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Samoa	171	60.4	22	284	130	171	4	2.8	0	0	n.s.	110	29	21	11	-	n.s.	n.s.	-	0	-	32	32
Solomon Islands	2,172	77.6	-	2,890	2,768	2,371	-40	-1.5	-40	-1.7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Tokelau	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	-	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Tonga	4	5	1	75	4	4	0	0	0	0	-	4	-	n.s.	-	-	-	-	-	-	n.s.	n.s.	n.s.
Tuvalu	1	33.3	0	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Vanuatu	440	36.1	476	1,219	440	440	0	0	0	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Wallis and Futuna Islands	5	35.3	1	14	6	5	n.s.	-0.8	n.s.	-2	n.s.	4	0	1	0	0	n.s.	n.s.	-2	-6	n.s.	0	1
Total Oceania	206,254	24.3	429,908	856,414	212,514	208,034	-448	-0.2	-356	-0.2
Argentina	33,021	12.1	60,961	278,040	35,262	33,770	-149	-0.4	-150	-0.4	-	31,792	-	1,229	-	-	-	-	-	-	769	1,078	1,229
Bolivia	58,740	54.2	2,473	109,858	62,795	60,091	-270	-0.4	-270	-0.5	29,360	29,360	-	20	-	31,388	30,036	29,360	-135,200	-135,200	20	20	20
Brazil	477,698	57.2	-	851,488	520,027	493,213	-2,681	-0.5	-3,103	-0.6	415,890	56,424	-	5,384	-	460,513	433,220	415,890	-2,729,300	-3,466,000	5,070	5,279	5,384
Chile	16,121	21.5	13,241	75,663	15,263	15,834	57	0.4	57	0.4	4,142	9,292	26	2,661	0	4,152	4,145	4,142	-700	-600	1,741	2,354	2,661
Colombia	60,728	58.5	18,202	113,891	61,439	60,963	-48	-0.1	-47	-0.1	53,062	7,337	-	312	16	53,854	53,343	53,062	-51,050	-56,160	136	254	328
Ecuador	10,853	39.2	1,448	28,356	13,817	11,841	-198	-1.5	-198	-1.7	4,794	5,895	-	164	-	4,794	4,794	4,794	20	-40	-	162	164
Falkland Islands	0	0	0	1,217	0	0	0	-	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
French Guiana	8,063	91.8	0	9,000	8,091	8,063	-3	n.s.	0	0	7,701	361	0	1	0	7,909	7,761	7,701	-14,800	-12,000	1	1	1
Guyana	15,104	76.7	3,580	21,497	15,104	15,104	n.s.	n.s.	0	0	9,314	5,789	-	-	-	-	9,314	9,314	-	0	-	-	-
Paraguay	18,475	46.5	-	40,675	21,157	19,368	-179	-0.9	-179	-0.9	1,850	16,582	-	43	-	1,850	1,850	1,850	0	0	23	36	43
Peru	68,742	53.7	22,132	128,522	70,156	69,213	-94	-0.1	-94	-0.1	61,065	6,923	0	754	-	62,910	62,188	61,065	-72,200	-224,600	263	715	754
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0	0	0	409	0	0	0	-	0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Suriname	14,776	94.7	-	16,327	14,776	14,776	0	0	0	0	14,214	550	5	7	0	14,214	14,214	14,214	0	0	7	7	7
Uruguay	1,506	8.6	4	17,622	1,123	1,409	29	2.3	19	1.3	296	444	-	751	15	239	296	296	5,700	0	419	669	766
Venezuela	47,713	54.1	7,369	91,205	52,026	49,151	-288	-0.6	-288	-0.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total South America	831,540	47.7	129,409	1,783,770	891,036	852,796	-3,824	-0.4	-4,251	-0.5
Total World	3,952,063	30.3	1,375,828	13,418,518	4,077,498	3,988,649	-8,885	-0.2	-7,317	-0.2

Copyright Rhett Butler 1994-2005

"Rainforest" is used interchangeably with "rain forest" on this site.
Same for "rainforests" and "rain forests". "Jungle" is generally not used.