Armenia: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 2,820,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 283,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 10.04% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | 14,000 | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 4.95% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 0.50% | | Other wooded land (ha) | 45,000 |
Armenia : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 61% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 39% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Armenia: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | 14,000 | 4.9% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 259,000 | 91.5% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | - | 0.0% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | 0.0% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 10,000 | 3.5% |
Armenia: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 346,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 305,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 283,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (4,100) | -1.18% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (4,400) | -1.44% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (63,000) | -18.21% | | Change in rate (%) | 21.74% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | 17,000 | | Primary 2000 (ha) | 15,000 | | Primary 2005 (ha) | 14,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (200) | -1.18% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (200) | -1.33% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (3,000) | -17.65% | | Change in rate (%) | 13.33% | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | 45,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 45,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 45,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 14,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 11,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 10,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (300) | -2.14% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (200) | -1.82% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (4,000) | -28.57% | | Change in rate (%) | -15.15% | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 377,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 339,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 318,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (3,800) | -1.01% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (4,200) | -1.24% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (59,000) | -15.65% | | Change in rate (%) | 22.92% |
Armenia: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 14,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | - | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 14,000 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 0.50% |
Armenia: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 98.9% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Designated functions of forest – primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 0.0% | | Protection (%) | 61.8% | | Conservation (%) | 17.0% | | Social Services (%) | 21.2% | | Multiple Services (%) | 0.0% | | None of Unknown (%) | 0.0% |
Armenia: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 0.00% | | Insects (ha) | 9.18% | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | - |
Armenia: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 2 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 3 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 10.1% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 7.30% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 2.74% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.00% |
Armenia: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 7 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 0 | | Birds | | total species | 302 | | endemic species | 1 | | threatened species | 12 | | Mammals | | total species | 78 | | endemic species | 2 | | threatened species | 9 | | Reptiles | | total species | 53 | | endemic species | 1 | | threatened species | 5 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 440 | | endemic species | 4 | | threatened species | 26 |
Armenia: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 93.90% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 98.70% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | 125 | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 0 | | Endangered | 0 | | Vulnerable | 0 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | | 3553 | | Number endemic | 0 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 1 |
Armenia: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 27 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 9 | | Dead wood (M t) | 5 | | Total (M t) | 41 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 13 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 5 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 3 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | 10 | | Soil carbon (M t) | 13 | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | -93 | | 2000-2005 | -520 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | 1.21 | | 2000-2005 | 0.1 | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 11 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 80 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 91 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | n.s. | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | $640,000 | | Wood fuel (US$) | $1,165,000 | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | $1,805,000 | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $6 | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | 2,000 |
Armenia : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 46 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 46 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 8 | | Imports | 2 | | Exports | 1 | | Consumption | 9 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 4 | | Imports | 27 | | Exports | 16 | | Consumption | 15 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 3 | | Imports | 10 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 13 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 2 | | Exports | - | | Consumption | 2 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 2 | | Imports | 9 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 11 |
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Armenia: Environment
| Environment - current issues | soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants | | Natural hazards | occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts |
Armenia: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 17.55%
permanent crops: 2.3%
other: 80.15% (2001) | | Natural resources | small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina |
Armenia: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Since the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, Armenia has switched to small-scale agriculture away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. The agricultural sector has long-term needs for more investment and updated technology. The privatization of industry has been at a slower pace, but has been given renewed emphasis by the current administration. Armenia is a food importer, and its mineral deposits (copper, gold, bauxite) are small. The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the breakup of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. By 1994, however, the Armenian Government had launched an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that resulted in positive growth rates in 1995-2005. Armenia joined the WTO in January 2003. Armenia also has managed to slash inflation, stabilize the local currency (the dram), and privatize most small- and medium-sized enterprises. Armenia's unemployment rate, however, remains high, despite strong economic growth. The chronic energy shortages Armenia suffered in the early and mid-1990s have been offset by the energy supplied by one of its nuclear power plants at Metsamor. Armenia is now a net energy exporter, although it does not have sufficient generating capacity to replace Metsamor, which is under international pressure to close. The electricity distribution system was privatized in 2002. Armenia's severe trade imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid, remittances from Armenians working abroad, and foreign direct investment. Economic ties with Russia remain close, especially in the energy sector. The government made some improvements in tax and customs administration in 2005, but anti-corruption measures will be more difficult to implement. Investment in the construction and industrial sectors is expected to continue in 2006 and will help to ensure annual average real GDP growth of about 7.5%. | | GDP - per capita | $5,100 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 8% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 24.9%, industry: 34.6%, services: 40.5% (2004 est.) | | Industries | diamond-processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy | | Economic aid - recipient | ODA $170 million (2000) | | Debt - external | $1.868 billion (31 December 2004) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 43% (2003 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 45%, industry 25%, services 30% (2002 est.) |
Armenia: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 2,982,904 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | -0.25% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 105.0 | | Percent rural (2003) | 35.6% | | Median age (years) | total: 30.07 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.32 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3% (2001 census) |
Largest Cities in Armenia
Cities and urban areas in Armenia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Yerevan | Armenia | 1258000 | 1444500 |
| Vanadzor | Armenia | 147500 | 147500 |
| Gyumri | Armenia | 125000 | 125000 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World’s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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