STATISTICS: Germany


Germany

31.7% —or about 11,076,000 hectares—of Germany is forested. Of this, none is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse form of forest.

Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, Germany gained an average of 33,500 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual reforestation rate of 0.31%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change decreased by 100.0% to 0.00% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Germany gained 3.1% of its forest cover, or around 335,000 hectares. Measuring the total rate of habitat conversion (defined as change in forest area plus change in woodland area minus net plantation expansion) for the 1990-2005 interval, Germany gained 3.1% of its forest and woodland habitat.

Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Germany has some 648 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.9% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 3.5% are threatened. Germany is home to at least 2682 species of vascular plants, of which 0.2% are endemic. 29.3% of Germany is protected under IUCN categories I-V.






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Germany: Forest Cover, 2005
Total Land Area (ha)34,895,000
Total Forest Area (ha)11,076,000
Percent Forest Cover31.74%
Primary Forest Cover (ha)-
Primary Forest, % total forest0.00%
Primary Forest, % total land0.00%
Other wooded land (ha)-


Germany : Forest types
Tropical (% forest area)0%
Subtropical (% forest area)0%
Temperate (% forest area)100%
Boreal/polar (% forest area)0%


Germany: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
Primary forest (ha | %)-0.0%
Modified natural (ha | %)-0.0%
Semi-natural (ha | %)11,076,000100.0%
Production plantation (ha | %)-0.0%
Production plantation (ha | %)-0.0%


Germany: Change in Forest Cover
TOTAL FOREST COVER
Forest 1990 (ha)10,741,000
Forest 2000 (ha)11,076,000
Forest 2005 (ha)11,076,000
Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %)33,5000.31%
Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %)-0.00%
Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %)335,0003.12%
Change in rate (%)-100.00%
PRIMARY FOREST COVER
Primary 1990 (ha)-
Primary 2000 (ha)-
Primary 2005 (ha)-
Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %)-#DIV/0!
Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %)-#DIV/0!
Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %)-#DIV/0!
Change in rate (%)#DIV/0!
OTHER WOODED LAND
Other 1990 (ha)-
Other 2000 (ha)-
Other 2005 (ha)-
Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %)--
Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %)--
Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %)--
Change in rate (%)-
PLANTATIONS
Other 1990 (ha)-
Other 2000 (ha)-
Other 2005 (ha)-
Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %)-#DIV/0!
Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %)-#DIV/0!
Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %)-#DIV/0!
Change in rate (%)#DIV/0!
TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations
Other 1990 (ha)10,741,000
Other 2000 (ha)11,076,000
Other 2005 (ha)11,076,000
Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %)33,5000.31%
Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %)-0.00%
Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %)335,0003.12%
Change in rate (%)-100.00%


Germany: Primary
Primary or "old-growth" vegetation
Primary Forest 2005 (ha)0
Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha)-
Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha)0
Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area)0.00%


Germany: Forest designation
Ownership of forest land, 2000
Public (%)52.8%
Private (%)47.2%
Other (%)0.0%
Ownership of other wooded land, 2000
Public (%)-
Private (%)-
Other (%)-
Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005
Production (%)-
Protection (%)21.9%
Conservation (%)19.3%
Social Services (%)42.3%
Multiple Services (%)-
None of Unknown (%)16.5%


Germany: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
Forest Area annually affected by
Fire (%)0.00%
Insects (ha)-
Diseases (ha)-
Other (ha)-


Germany: Protected areas
14
Protected areas
Biosphere reserves, 2005
Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 200532
World Heritage sites, 200427
Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land29.3%
Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land0.36%
Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 200428.89%
Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 20041.98%


Germany: Biodiversity - Wildlife
Amphibians
total species20
endemic species0
threatened species0
Birds
total species487
endemic species5
threatened species14
Mammals
total species126
endemic species1
threatened species9
Reptiles
total species15
endemic species0
threatened species0
Wildlife diversity
total species648
endemic species6
threatened species23


Germany: Biodiversity - Plants
Growing stock composition
3 most common species
% of total growing stock
74.50%
Growing stock composition
3 most common species
% of total growing stock
90.10%
Number of Native tree species
Native tree species62
Number of tree species in IUCN red list
Critically Endangered2
Endangered1
Vulnerable5
Vascular Plant Species, 2004
Total2682
Number endemic6
Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004
Species threatened12


Germany: Value of forests
Biomass stock in forest, 2005
Above-ground biomass (M t)2,020
Below-ground biomass (M t)585
Dead wood (M t)54
Total (M t)2,659
Carbon stock in forest, 2005
Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t)1,010
Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t)293
Carbon in dead wood (M t)27
Carbon in litter (M t)-
Soil carbon (M t)858
Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005
Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr)
1990-200062,200
2000-2005-
Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005
Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr)
1990-20004.84
2000-2005-
Wood removal 2005
Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m)54,497
Wood fuel (1000 cubic m)6,273
Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m)60,770
Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock)-
Plant products 2005
Food (t)-
Fodder (t)-
Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t)-
Raw material for colorants and dyes (t)-
Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t)-
Ornamental plants (t)-
Exudates (t)-
Other plant products (t)-
Animal products 2005
Living animals (units)-
Hides, skins and trophies (units)-
Wild honey and bee-wax (t)-
Bush meat (t)34,000
Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t)-
Raw material for colorants and dyes (t)-
Other edible animal products (t)-
Other non-edible animal products (t)-
Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005
Industrial roundwood (US$)-
Wood fuel (US$)-
Non-wood forest products (US$)$191,650,000
Total value (US$)$191,650,000
Total value ($USD/ha)$17
Employment in forestry 2000
Total people employed70,000


Germany : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002
Production4,625
Imports79
Exports23
Consumption4,681
Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002
Production37,755
Imports2,459
Exports4,427
Consumption35,787
Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002
Production16,879
Imports4,862
Exports4,439
Consumption17,302
Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002
Production13,758
Imports3,587
Exports5,410
Consumption11,935
Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002
Production2,148
Imports4,125
Exports486
Consumption5,787
Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002
Production18,526
Imports9,293
Exports9,732
Consumption18,087
Germany: Environment
Environment - current issuesemissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive
Environment - international agreementsparty to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Natural hazardsflooding


Germany: Land use / Resources
Land use (%)arable land: 33.85%
permanent crops: 0.59%
other: 65.56% (2001)
Natural resourcescoal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land


Germany: Economy
Economy - overview:Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest in the world - has become one of the slowest growing economies in the euro zone. A quick turnaround is not in the offing in the foreseeable future. Growth in 2001-03 fell short of 1%, rising to 1.7% in 2004 before falling back to 0.8% in 2005. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70 billion. Germany's aging population, combined with high unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Germany to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are further addressed. In the short run, however, the fall in government revenues and the rise in expenditures have raised the deficit above the EU's 3% debt limit.
GDP - per capita$29,700 (2005 est.)
GDP - real growth rate (%)0.8% (2005 est.)
Agriculture - productspotatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry
GDP - composition by sector (%)agriculture: 1.1%, industry: 28.6%, services: 70.3% (2005 est.)
Industries among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; shipbuilding; textiles
Population below poverty line (%)NA
Debt - external$3.626 trillion (30 June 2005)
Labor force - by occupation (%)agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8% (1999)


Germany: Population / Demographics
Population (July 2005)82,431,390
Population growth rate (%) (2005)0.00%
Population density (people/sq km) (2005)236.0
Percent rural (2003)11.9%
Median age (years)total: 42.16 years
Total fertility rate (children born/woman)1.39 (2005 est.)
Ethnic groups (%)German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)


Largest Cities in Germany

Cities and urban areas in Germany with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.

CityCountryCity PopulationUrban Area Population
BerlinGermany32895003942600
HamburgGermany16883003260700
MunichGermany11611002341700
Koln-Ruhr AreaGermany96680011297800
FrankfurtGermany6455002717800
EssenGermany589900589900
DortmundGermany588300588300
StuttgartGermany5754002330300
DusseldorfGermany568300568300
BremenGermany5282001008900
DuisburgGermany517700517700
HannoverGermany5168001106100
NurnbergGermany4868001008500
DresdenGermany4136001030800
LeipzigGermany4098001417600
BochumGermany387600387600
WuppertalGermany368600368600
BielefeldGermany3220001419000
BonnGermany311800311800
MannheimGermany3059001456000
GelsenkirchenGermany278100278100
KarlsruheGermany277500580500
MonchengladbachGermany266400266400
WiesbadenGermany266000266000
MuensterGermany265500265500
ChemnitzGermany2561001081800
AugsburgGermany252300252300
HalleGermany245300245300
BraunschweigGermany242400242400
AachenGermany2403001238600
KrefeldGermany238200238200
KielGermany231700231700
MagdeburgGermany230000230000
OberhausenGermany221900221900
LubeckGermany213200213200
HagenGermany205500205500
FreiburgGermany203000203000
ErfurtGermany195100195100
KasselGermany194600194600
RostockGermany193300193300
MainzGermany190600190600
SaarbruckenGermany179500179500
HammGermany178000178000
HerneGermany175200175200
MulheimGermany174000174000
OsnabruckGermany164200164200
SolingenGermany163900163900
LudwigshafenGermany163400163400
LeverkusenGermany162500162500
OldenburgGermany156800156800
NeussGermany150000150000
HeidelbergGermany138100138100
PaderbornGermany137700137700
DarmstadtGermany136700136700
GottingenGermany129800129800
PotsdamGermany128000128000
WurzburgGermany125300125300
RecklinghausenGermany124800124800
RegensburgGermany124200124200
BottropGermany122000122000
BremerhavenGermany117900117900
HeilbronnGermany117900117900
IngolstadtGermany117900117900
WolfsburgGermany117500117500
RemscheidGermany117100117100
PforzheimGermany116800116800
UlmGermany116300116300
OffenbachGermany115600115600
FurthGermany111700111700
SalzgitterGermany111500111500
ReutlingenGermany110900110900
SiegenGermany110000110000
GeraGermany109800109800
KoblenzGermany108600108600
CottbusGermany107300107300
Bergisch GladbachGermany106300106300
MoersGermany106000106000
WittenGermany103800103800




 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
 Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
 Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
 Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
 RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
 World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
 The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
 Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
 With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com



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