Somalia: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 62,734,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 7,131,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 11.37% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | - | | Primary Forest, % total forest | - | | Primary Forest, % total land | - | | Other wooded land (ha) | - |
Somalia : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 100% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 0% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Somalia: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | - | - | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 7,128,000 | 100.0% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | - | - | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 3,000 | 0.0% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | - |
Somalia: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 8,282,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 7,515,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 7,131,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (76,700) | -0.93% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (76,800) | -1.02% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (1,151,000) | -13.90% | | Change in rate (%) | 10.35% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | - | | Primary 2000 (ha) | - | | Primary 2005 (ha) | - | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | - | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Change in rate (%) | - | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | - | | Other 2000 (ha) | - | | Other 2005 (ha) | - | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | - | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Change in rate (%) | - | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 3,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 3,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 3,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 8,279,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 7,512,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 7,128,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (76,700) | -0.93% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (76,800) | -1.02% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (1,151,000) | -13.90% | | Change in rate (%) | 10.35% |
Somalia: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | - | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | - | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 0 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 0.00% |
Somalia: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | - | | Other (%) | - | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | - | | Private (%) | - | | Other (%) | - | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 0.0% | | Protection (%) | - | | Conservation (%) | - | | Social Services (%) | - | | Multiple Services (%) | 100.0% | | None of Unknown (%) | - |
Somalia: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | - | | Insects (ha) | - | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | - |
Somalia: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 0 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 0 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 0.0% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 0.00% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.28% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.00% |
Somalia: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 32 | | endemic species | 4 | | threatened species | 0 | | Birds | | total species | 642 | | endemic species | 13 | | threatened species | 13 | | Mammals | | total species | 182 | | endemic species | 9 | | threatened species | 15 | | Reptiles | | total species | 222 | | endemic species | 40 | | threatened species | 2 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 1078 | | endemic species | 66 | | threatened species | 30 |
Somalia: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | - | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | - | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | - | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 0 | | Endangered | 3 | | Vulnerable | 14 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | 3028 | | Number endemic | 500 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 17 |
Somalia: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 624 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 150 | | Dead wood (M t) | 108 | | Total (M t) | 881 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 312 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 75 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 54 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | - | | Soil carbon (M t) | - | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | -1,688 | | 2000-2005 | -1,666 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | n.s. | | 2000-2005 | n.s. | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 132 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 12,202 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 12,334 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | 8 | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | - | | Wood fuel (US$) | - | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | - | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $- | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | n.s. |
Somalia : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 9,827 | | Imports | - | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 9,827 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 110 | | Imports | 1 | | Exports | 4 | | Consumption | 107 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 14 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 14 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 0 | | Imports | 1 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 1 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 0 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 2 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 2 |
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Somalia: Environment
| Environment - current issues | famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection | | Natural hazards | recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season |
Somalia: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 1.67%
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 98.29% (2001) | | Natural resources | uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves |
Somalia: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Somalia's economic fortunes are driven by its deep political divisions. The northwestern area has declared its independence as the "Republic of Somaliland"; the northeastern region of Puntland is a semi-autonomous state; and the remaining southern portion is riddled with the struggles of rival factions. Economic life continues, in part because much activity is local and relatively easily protected. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings, but Saudi Arabia's recent ban on Somali livestock, because of Rift Valley Fever concerns, has severely hampered the sector. Nomads and semi-nomads, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, and bananas are Somalia's principal exports, while sugar, sorghum, corn, qat, and machined goods are the principal imports. Somalia's small industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been looted and sold as scrap metal. Despite the seeming anarchy, Somalia's service sector has managed to survive and grow. Telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the continent. In the absence of a formal banking sector, money exchange services have sprouted throughout the country, handling between $500 million and $1 billion in remittances annually. Mogadishu's main market offers a variety of goods from food to the newest electronic gadgets. Hotels continue to operate, and militias provide security. The ongoing civil disturbances and clan rivalries, however, have interfered with any broad-based economic development and international aid arrangements. In 2004 and 2005 Somalia's overdue financial obligations to the IMF continued to grow. Statistics on Somalia's GDP, growth, per capita income, and inflation should be viewed skeptically. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took an estimated 150 lives and caused destruction of properity in coastal areas. | | GDP - per capita | $600 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 2.4% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | cattle, sheep, goats; bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; fish | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 65%, industry: 10%, services: 25% (2000 est.) | | Industries | a few light industries, including sugar refining, textiles, wireless communication | | Economic aid - recipient | $60 million (1999 est.) | | Debt - external | $3 billion (2001 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | NA | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture (mostly pastoral nomadism) 71%, industry and services 29% |
Somalia: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 8,591,629 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 3.38% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 13.7 | | Percent rural (2003) | 65.2% | | Median age (years) | total: 17.59 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 6.84 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000) |
Largest Cities in Somalia
Cities and urban areas in Somalia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Mogadishu | Somalia | 1183100 | 1183100 |
| Hargeysa | Somalia | 231000 | 231000 |
| Berbera | Somalia | 213400 | 213400 |
| Kisimayo | Somalia | 201600 | 201600 |
| Marka | Somalia | 173100 | 173100 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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