Thailand: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 51,089,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 14,520,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 28.42% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | 6,451,000 | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 44.43% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 12.63% | | Other wooded land (ha) | - |
Thailand : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 100% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 0% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Thailand: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | 6,451,000 | 44.4% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 4,970,000 | 34.2% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | - | - | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 1,997,000 | 13.8% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 1,102,000 | 7.6% |
Thailand: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 15,965,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 14,814,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 14,520,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (115,100) | -0.72% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (58,800) | -0.40% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (1,445,000) | -9.05% | | Change in rate (%) | -44.94% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | 6,451,000 | | Primary 2000 (ha) | 6,451,000 | | Primary 2005 (ha) | 6,451,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | - | | Other 2000 (ha) | - | | Other 2005 (ha) | - | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | - | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Change in rate (%) | - | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 2,640,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 3,077,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 3,099,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 43,700 | 1.66% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 4,400 | 0.14% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 459,000 | 17.39% | | Change in rate (%) | -91.36% | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 13,325,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 11,737,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 11,421,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (158,800) | -1.19% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (63,200) | -0.54% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (1,904,000) | -14.29% | | Change in rate (%) | -54.82% |
Thailand: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 6,451,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | - | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 6,451,000 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 12.63% |
Thailand: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 86.8% | | Private (%) | 13.2% | | Other (%) | - | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | - | | Private (%) | - | | Other (%) | - | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 13.8% | | Protection (%) | 7.6% | | Conservation (%) | 58.3% | | Social Services (%) | - | | Multiple Services (%) | 1.1% | | None of Unknown (%) | 19.3% |
Thailand: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 1.01% | | Insects (ha) | - | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | - |
Thailand: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | 4 | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 10 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 4 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 12.7% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 6.79% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 5.90% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.00% |
Thailand: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 103 | | endemic species | 12 | | threatened species | 3 | | Birds | | total species | 971 | | endemic species | 23 | | threatened species | 42 | | Mammals | | total species | 300 | | endemic species | 6 | | threatened species | 36 | | Reptiles | | total species | 341 | | endemic species | 47 | | threatened species | 19 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 1715 | | endemic species | 88 | | threatened species | 100 |
Thailand: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | - | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | - | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | - | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 30 | | Endangered | 21 | | Vulnerable | 37 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | 11625 | | Number endemic | 0 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 84 |
Thailand: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 1,129 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 305 | | Dead wood (M t) | 158 | | Total (M t) | 1,592 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 564 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 152 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 79 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | - | | Soil carbon (M t) | - | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | -4,800 | | 2000-2005 | -2,400 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | n.s. | | 2000-2005 | n.s. | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 41 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 8 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 49 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | n.s. | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | $46,000 | | Wood fuel (US$) | $13,000 | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | $59,000 | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $n.s. | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | 16,000 |
Thailand : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 20,250 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 20,250 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 7,800 | | Imports | 688 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 8,488 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 288 | | Imports | 1,924 | | Exports | 1,558 | | Consumption | 654 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 705 | | Imports | 53 | | Exports | 1,019 | | Consumption | 0 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 999 | | Imports | 356 | | Exports | 191 | | Consumption | 1,164 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 2,444 | | Imports | 259 | | Exports | 787 | | Consumption | 1,916 |
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Thailand: Environment
| Environment - current issues | air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea | | Natural hazards | land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts |
Thailand: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 29.36%
permanent crops: 6.46%
other: 64.18% (2001) | | Natural resources | tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land |
Thailand: Economy
| Economy - overview: | With a well-developed infrastructure, a free-enterprise economy, and pro-investment policies, Thailand appears to have fully recovered from the 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis. The country was one of East Asia's best performers in 2002-04. Boosted by increased consumption, high investment spending, and strong export growth the Thai economy grew 6.9% in 2003 and 6.1% in 2004 despite a sluggish global economy. Bangkok has pursued preferential trade agreements with a variety of partners in an effort to boost exports and to maintain high growth. In 2004 Thailand and the United States began negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took 8,500 lives in Thailand and caused massive destruction of property in the southern provinces of Krabi, Phangnga, and Phuket. Growth slowed to 4.6% in 2005. The downturn can be attributed to high oil prices, weaker demand from Western markets, severe drought in rural regions, tsunami-related declines in tourism, and lower consumer confidence. Moreover, the THAKSIN adminitration's expansionist economic policies, including multi-billion-dollar mega-projects in infrastructure and social development, has raised concerns about fiscal discipline and the health of financial institutions. On the positive side, the Thai economy performed well beginning in the third quarter of 2005. Export-oriented manufacturing - in particular automobile production - and farm output are driving these gains. In 2006 the economy should benefit from an influx of investment and stronger private consumption, however, a possible avian flu epidemic could significantly harm economic prospects throughout the region. | | GDP - per capita | $8,300 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 4.6% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 9.3%, industry: 45.1%, services: 45.6% (2005 est.) | | Industries | tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry, electric appliances and components, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts, world's second-largest tungsten producer, and third-largest tin producer | | Economic aid - recipient | $72 million (2002) | | Debt - external | $50.63 billion (30 June 2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 10% (2004 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37% (2000 est.) |
Thailand: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 65,444,371 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.87% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 127.9 | | Percent rural (2003) | 68.1% | | Median age (years) | total: 30.88 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.88 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% |
Largest Cities in Thailand
Cities and urban areas in Thailand with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Bangkok | Thailand | 6513100 | 8707900 |
| Samut Prakan | Thailand | 390300 | 390300 |
| Nonthaburi | Thailand | 300200 | 300200 |
| Udon Thani | Thailand | 227200 | 227200 |
| Korat | Thailand | 210600 | 210600 |
| Hat Yai | Thailand | 191200 | 191200 |
| Chon Buri | Thailand | 188200 | 188200 |
| Chiang Mai | Thailand | 172900 | 172900 |
| Lampang | Thailand | 152300 | 152300 |
| Si Racha | Thailand | 145600 | 145600 |
| Khon Kaen | Thailand | 145300 | 145300 |
| Nakhon Pathom | Thailand | 124300 | 124300 |
| Nakhon Si Thammarat | Thailand | 122400 | 122400 |
| Surat Thani | Thailand | 117100 | 117100 |
| Rayong | Thailand | 109800 | 109800 |
| Ubon Ratchathani | Thailand | 109800 | 109800 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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